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Front Cover -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Overview -- Management Response -- Management Action Record -- Chairperson's Summary: Committee on Development Effectiveness -- 1 Introduction to Public-Private Partnerships -- What Are PPPs? -- Rationale for Supporting PPPs -- PPPs and the Poor -- PPP Trends Globally and the World Bank Group's Engagement -- Evaluation Design -- 2 Relevance of World Bank Group Support -- The World Bank Group's Strategic Framework for PPPs -- The World Bank Group's Strategic Resources Deployment on PPPs -- Addressing Countries' Development Priorities and PPP Constraints -- Conclusion -- 3 Paving the Way for PPPs through Policy Reform and Institution Building -- World Bank Group Interventions to Improve the PPP Enabling Environment -- Focus and Results of World Bank Group Upstream Work -- Drivers of Success of Upstream Work -- Conclusion -- 4 Did Public-Private Partnerships Deliver? -- World Bank Group Support to Structuring and Financing PPPs -- Results of World Bank Group Support to PPPs -- Drivers of Success and Failure of PPP Performance -- Conclusion -- 5 Working as One World Bank Group -- Leveraging of Synergies across One World Bank Group -- The Case for PPP Country Diagnostics -- Challenges and Opportunities for the Future -- Conclusion -- 6 The Experience of Other Multilateral Development Banks with Public-Private Partnerships -- Asian Development Bank -- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development -- Inter-American Development Bank -- African Development Bank -- European Investment Bank -- Conclusions -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Methodology Used to Identify Public-Private Partnership Projects -- Appendix B Public-Private Partnership Indicators -- Appendix C Country Case Study Methodology.

Mongolia was one of the East Asian economies hardest hit by the global downturn, as copper prices collapsed and external demand fell. This Economic Retrospective highlights the key economic, financial and policy developments in the country during the crisis and recovery over 2008 to 2010. In particular, it offers a closer look at the weaknesses in the economic structure and policy environment that lay at the heart of downturn, and which amplified the external shock due to the collapse in global commodity prices from mid-2008. The Retrospective offers valuable insights into how an inappropriate policy mix can culminate in macroeconomic instability. In Mongoliaâ??s case, a combination of expansive fiscal and monetary policy during the boom years, a de facto peg to the US dollar, and an overheating financial sector triggered a loss of confidence in the banking sector, large reserve losses and deposit flight, and caused a large fiscal and balance of payments shock that necessitated assistance by the IMF and other donors. Although the economy has rebounded since the end of 2009 and the successful negotiation of the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mining project has helped transform the medium to long-term outlook, there remain sizeable policy challenges. In particular, the looming mining boom brings the risks of â??Dutch diseaseâ? effects and a return to the profligate populism of the past. In the near term significant fiscal financing risks remain until revenues from OT are realized. In particular, this Retrospective discusses the need for continued fiscal consolidation and how the adoption of the planned fiscal stability law should help manage the upcoming mining boom. Meanwhile, ongoing solvency problems in the banking sector need to be resolved quickly and transparently to prepare the sector for the upturn in economic activity.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Summary of Contents -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Global Outlook -- Summary -- Global context -- Pandemic developments -- Global trade -- Commodity markets -- Global inflation and financial developments -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Advanced economies -- China -- Emerging market and developing economies -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Per capita income growth, poverty, and inequality -- Global outlook and risks -- Global outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- Key global challenges -- Challenges in advanced economies -- Challenges in emerging market and developing economies -- References -- Special Focus: Resolving High Debt after the Pandemic: Lessons from Past Episodes of Debt Relief -- Introduction -- Lessons from past debt resolutions -- Past debt resolution -- Past umbrella facilities for debt relief -- Commonalities among past umbrella frameworks for debt relief -- Differences among past umbrella frameworks for debt relief -- Changes in debt resolution and the emergence of collective action clauses -- The Common Framework in historical comparison -- Implications for future debt reduction and resolution -- References -- Chapter 2: Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- References -- Chapter 3: Commodity Price Cycles: Drivers and Policies -- Introduction.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Summary of Contents -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Global Outlook -- Summary -- Global context -- Pandemic developments -- Global trade -- Financial markets -- Commodity markets -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- United States -- Euro area -- Japan -- China -- Emerging market and developing economies -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Global outlook and risks -- Global outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- Challenges in advanced economies -- Challenges in emerging market and developing economies -- Global coordination and cooperation -- Annex 1 Methodology -- References -- Chapter 2 Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- References -- Chapter 3 Global Economy: Heading into a Decade of Disappointments? -- Introduction -- Pre-pandemic decade of economic weakness -- Structural weaknesses in growth -- Downgraded expectations -- Economic impact of the pandemic -- Circumstances associated with downgraded prospects -- Downgrades after the global financial crisis -- Downgrades after country-specific adverse events -- Reform options -- Human capital accumulation -- Infrastructure investment -- Increasing the labor supply -- Creating a growth-friendly environment -- Effects of reforms -- Effects on potential growth -- Effects on growth expectations -- Conclusion -- Annex 3.1 Methodology: Local projection estimation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Overview of main findings -- Size of economies -- GDP expenditure components -- Per capita measures -- Intercountry income inequality -- Price levels -- Variability across economies -- Comparison of 2017 results with revised 2011 results -- Chapter 2 ICP 2017 results -- Tables of 2017 results -- Survey framework -- Chapter 3 Purchasing power parities and real expenditures -- Concepts and definitions -- Use and applications of PPPs and real expenditures -- Chapter 4 Governance and organization -- Governance of ICP 2017 -- Regional and national organization -- Chapter 5 Methodology -- Conceptual framework -- Expenditure data -- Price data -- PPP calculation and estimation -- Chapter 6 Looking forward -- Appendix A: History of the International Comparison Program -- Appendix B: The ICP's governance framework -- The ICP's governance structure -- The roles and responsibilities of the ICP governance bodies -- Appendix C: ICP expenditure classification -- 2017 ICP expenditure classification structure -- Main aggregates -- Deriving actual individual consumption -- Facilitating the input price approach -- Adjusting household expenditure to the national concept -- Updates introduced for the 2017 ICP expenditure classification -- Appendix D: Reference PPPs used in ICP 2017 -- Appendix E: Revised 2011 results and comparisons with original ICP 2011 results -- Appendix F: Comparison of ICP 2017 results with World Development Indicators data -- Appendix G: ICP research agenda -- Appendix H: ICP data access and archive policy -- Background -- Data access objectives -- Guiding principles -- Procedures for archiving data -- Procedures for accessing data -- Appendix I: ICP revision policy -- Background -- Triggers for revising ICP indicators.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Global Outlook: A Fragile Recovery -- Summary -- Major economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Global trends -- Emerging market and developing economies: Recent developments and outlook -- Risks to the outlook -- Policy challenges -- References -- Box 1.1 Low-income countries: Recent developments and outlook -- Box 1.2 Regional perspectives: Recent developments and outlook -- Special Focus 1 Debt Dynamics in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Time to Act? -- Introduction -- Evolution of fiscal positions -- Fiscal positions in episodes of financial stress -- Conclusion -- References -- Special Focus 2 Arm's-Length Trade: A Source of Post-Crisis Trade Weakness -- Introduction -- Characteristics of intra-firm and arm's-length trade -- Evolution of intra-firm and arm's-length trade since the crisis -- Factors contributing to the sharp post-crisis slowdown in arm's-length trade -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Regional Outlooks -- East Asia and Pacific -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Europe and Central Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.2.1 Reversal in 2016 of diverging growth paths -- Risks -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.3.1 Continued growth divergence within Latin America and the Caribbean -- Risks -- Middle East and North Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- South Asia -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Risks -- Sub-Saharan Africa -- Recent developments -- Outlook -- Box 2.6.1 Deteriorating public finances in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Risks -- References -- Statistical Appendix -- Selected Topics -- Figures -- 1.1 Global prospects -- 1.2 Global risks and policy challenges -- 1.3 Advanced economies -- 1.4 United States -- 1.5 Euro Area.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms -- Overview -- 1. Investing in people -- 2. Growing through productivity -- 3. Stabilizing the economy -- 4. Delivering government services to all -- 5. Managing BrazilÌs natural inheritance -- PART I -- 1 Education -- 2 Health -- 3 Social Protection -- PART II -- 4 Financial Sector -- 5 Infrastructure -- 6 Private Sector Development -- 7 Innovation and Knowledge -- PART III -- 8 Development and Conservation of Forests -- 9 Rural Development and Natural Resources -- 10 Municipal Urban Services, Housing, and Land Markets -- 11 Water, Poverty Reduction, and Sustainable Development -- PART IV -- 12 Macroeconomic Stability -- 13 Fiscal Sustainability -- 14 Public Sector -- References.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Cover -- Title -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- I. Executive Summary -- II. Peru's Fiscal Challenges and Vulnerabilities -- III. Reorienting the Budget Toward Pro-Poor Expenditure -- IV. Improving the Efficiency of Public Expenditure -- V. Addressing the Promises and Risks of Decentralization -- VI. Upgrading the Civil Service -- VII. Improving Governance and Reducing Corruption -- VIII. Fine-Tuning Fiscal and Environmental Mining Policies -- Annex A. A Public Debt Sustainability Analysis for Peru -- Annex B. The Fiscal Effort Required for a Sustained Structural Deficit -- Annex C. Questionnaire on Public Financial Management -- Annex D. A Public Expenditure Tracking Survey: Methodological Issues -- Annex E. Public Enterprise Reform in Peru: Introducing Management Contracts at FONAFE -- Annex F. A Methodology for Functional Reviews and for Analyzing Functional Prospects -- Annex G. List of Background Papers -- Statistical Appendix -- Bibliography -- Map of Peru -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF BOXES.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Title -- Abstract -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1. Sector Review and Key Issues -- Chapter 2. Promoting Competitiveness -- Chapter 3. Improving Factor Markets -- Chapter 4. Risk Management Instruments -- References -- LIST OF TABLES -- FIGURES -- BOXES.