The wars and armed conflicts have often resulted in violations of international humanitarian law, and often commit the most serious international crimes such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, aggression and genocide. However, only in the XX century the rule was articulated idea of establishing a body of international criminal justice in order to prosecute these crimes and their perpetrators. The first steps in this field have been made by establishing the International military tribunals for war crimes at Nuremberg and Tokyo, and the formation of ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In the end, The International Criminal Court was established in Rome in 1998 with the aim of justice and in order to give satisfaction the victims of crimes and their families. The aim of the paper was to provide a historical and comparative analysis of the institutions of international criminal justice based on which these institutions de lege lata fulfilled the goals of individual criminal responsibility and justice. Furthermore, the authors suggest de lege ferenda that the Permanent International Criminal Tribunal, in addition to the prospective case, also takes over the current ICTY and ICTR cases.
Human rights and civil liberties are the achievements of human civilization and development of the society, which are accepted by all progressive and democratic states as an integral part of the international legal order. In countries with a parliamentary tradition, with the separation of powers and control mechanisms, human rights and civil liberties are a category of primary importance. In accordance with contemporary requirements, a process of social transformation and reform of the police and security services was initiated in Serbia at the end of the twentieth century. The main objectives of the reform of the security sector are depoliticization, debureaucratisation, decriminalization and professionalization. In terms of operational organization and models of the Serbian Ministry of Interior, a universal model of 'Community Policing' was accepted, which centers on a safe community. Police Act and by-laws are largely harmonized with the EU and international standards. The regulations and the rules everyday conduct of the police emphasize the principle of legality in the work, the protection of human rights and civil liberties, and the affirmation of the rule of law principle. ; Ljudska prava i građanske slobode tekovina su ljudske civilizacije i razvoja društva, koje kao integralni deo međunarodnog pravnog poretka prihvataju sve progresivne i demokratske države. U zemljama sa parlamentarnom tradicijom, podelom vlasti i mehanizmima kontrole, ljudska prava i građanske slobode su par excellence kategorija od prvorazrednog značaja. U skladu sa zahtevima savremenog trenutka u Srbiji je krajem XX veka pokrenut proces društvenih reformi i transformacije policije, službi bezbednosti i unutrašnjih poslova. Najvažniji ciljevi reforme sektora bezbednosti su depolitizacija, debirokratizacija, dekriminalizacija i profesionalizacija. U pogledu organizacije i načina rada MUP RS prihvaćen je univerzalni model 'Community policing', u čijem je središtu bezbedna zajednica. Zakon o policiji i podzakonski akti u velikoj meri su harmonizovani sa normama EU i međunarodnim standardima. U propisima i svakodnevnom postupanju policije ističu se načelo zakonitosti u radu, zaštita ljudskih prava, građanskih sloboda i afirmacija principa vladavine prava.
This paper analyzes the novelties in criminal law matter of the Republic of Serbia, relevant to the functioning of members of the police of the Serbian Ministry of Interior, the efficiency of criminal proceedings in general, and the fight against crime. The issues and the reasons that guided the legislator to determine the novelties in the criminal law in Serbia were listed in the Introduction. In the first part, the author has specified the changes and amendments in the field of criminal substantive law, with an emphasis on the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia (general and specific part). In the second part, the author presents a brief overview of adopted Law on Corporate Liability for Criminal Offences, while in the third part he gives an overview of the new Law on Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime. In the final part, the emphasis was put on the importance of the novelties in order to improve the legal regulations, strengthen the reputation of the state bodies and our application for EU accession. ; U referatu su analizirane novine u krivično-pravnoj materiji u Republici Srbiji od značaja za rad pripadnika policije MUP RS, efikasnost krivičnog postupka u celini i borbu protiv kriminaliteta. U uvodu su navedeni problemi i razlozi koji su rukovodili zakonodavca da se opredeli za novele u oblasti krivičnog prava u Republici. U prvom delu navode se izmene i dopune (ZID) u oblasti krivičnog materijalnog prava sa akcentom na KZ RS (opšti i posebni deo). U drugom delu sledi kratak osvrt na usvojeni Zakon o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična dela, dok je u trećem delu dat osvrt na takođe novi Zakon o oduzimanju imovine proistekle iz krivičnog dela. U završnom delu je ukazano na značaj novela u funkciji poboljšanja pravne regulative, jačanja ugleda državnih organa i naše aplikacije za ulazak u Uniju.
The paper presents the legislative framework and the criminalistics-operational aspect of the fight against new forms of violence in Serbia. It is primarily about domestic violence, then peer violence and violence at sports events. The social response to the challenges, risks and threats posed by new forms of violence in the community first included normative-legal activity. The legal frame-work for the fight against new forms of violence in the community included the adoption of special laws and bylaws, which were pointed out in the paper. On that basis, the criminalistics-operational response of the police and law enforcement agencies, judicial bodies and other relevant entities was further upgraded. The paper also points out the activities of the RS Ministry of the Interior in the fight against forms of domestic violence, peer violence and violence at sports events. In the concluding remarks, proposals were made for improving the legislative framework de lege ferenda, strengthening multi-agency and multi-sectoral cooperation, and accepting the good practice of the developed countries in the context of our application for the EU accession.
The paper presents the legal framework and institutional mechanisms of international police cooperation between the Republic of Serbia and the countries of our region, primarily in the suppression of the most serious emerging forms of crime. The legal framework for work and co-operation in the fight against crime consists of important international sources such as conventions, treaties and other acts adopted at the multilateral, regional and bilateral levels. The most important internal sources are the Law on Police and regulations in the field of criminal legislation: the Law on International Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, the CPC, the Criminal Code, the Law on Organization and Competences of State Bodies in Combating Organized Crime, Terrorism and Corruption and others. Institutional mechanisms of cooperation include forms of work, bodies, organizations and bodies established at the international level, especially at the regional level. A critical review of the legal and institutional mechanisms of cooperation is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the engaged entities in the suppression of the most serious forms of crime. In the final part, some proposals for improving the legislative framework and criminal-operational practice of the police and other law enforcement agencies are given, especially in the context of Serbia's application for EU accession.
Istraživanje polazi od teze da je unutrašnja kontrola rada policije izuzetno značajna zbog kompleksnosti policijskih poslova, koji ponekad pružaju mogućnost povrede ljudskih prava i ograničenje građanskih sloboda. Cilj istraživanja je da se ispita koji su to mehanizmi unutrašnje kontrole, koja je njihova efikasnost u praksi, kao i da se ukaže na internu kontrolu koja treba da obezbedi ograničenje apsolutne vlasti, zakonitost u radu i jednakost građana pred zakonom i daju pojedini predlozi za unapređenje interne kontrole. U radu su metodološki istraženi i analizirani egzaktni pokazatelji primene mehanizama interne kontrole rada policije u Republici Srbiji u sedmogodišnjem periodu (2012–2018). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju različite trendove u primeni mehanizama interne kontrole u posmatranom periodu. Zaključuje se da su mehanizmi interne kontrole dovoljni ali da ima mesta unapređenju. To se naročito odnosi na potpunu depolitizaciju organizacije i rada policije, pa s tim u vezi i procesa interne kontrole rada policije i njenih pripadnika.
Although it had not yet reached full-capacity implementation, the Police Law experienced changes as early as March 18. It took full two years to detect certain shortcomings both in terms of the immediate enforcement of the legal provisions and regarding the adoption of secondary legislation. For the purposes of this paper, novelties can be classified in several groups: 1) novelties of a general character, 2) organizational-functional novelties, and 3) labor-law novelties. The greatest number of innovations is in the field of labor-law relations of a specific officer's (career) system in the Ministry of the Interior. The authors analyze some of the characteristic novelties with a critical review of the exercised freedoms and rights of citizens, especially police officers, but also their obligations. At the same time, they point out to some additional novelties de lege ferenda. ; Iako još uvek nije primenjen u punom kapacitetu, Zakon o policiji je već u martu 2018. godine doživeo izmene i dopune. Trebalo je pune dve godine da se uoče određeni nedostaci kako u neposrednoj primeni normi zakona, tako i sa aspekta donošenja sekundarne legislative. Za potrebe ovog rada novele možemo svrstati u nekoliko grupa: 1) novele opšteg karaktera, 2) organizaciono-funkcionalne novele i 3) radno-pravne novele. Najveći broj novela je iz oblasti radno-pravnog odnosa, konkretno specifičnog službeničkog (karijernog) sistema u MUP-u. Autori u radu analiziraju neke od karakterističnih novela uz kritički osvrt na ostvarivanje sloboda i prava građana, naročito policijskih službenika, ali i njihovih obaveza. Istovremeno su ukazali na još neke novele de lege ferenda.
The authors in the paper give a review and a description of legally proscribed disciplinary punishments for police officers in the legislations of the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia. With certain institutes the authors give the point of view of legal doctrine and case law, and the statistical data. In the introduction the terms police officer and disciplinary responsibility are defined, and the purpose of disciplinary punishments is explained, as the authors point out that imposing punishments ensures proper functioning of the service, and the effect of the punishment has a special and general prevention. Following are legal provisions which regulate obligations of police officers and the rules for determining their responsibility for violations of official duty. In the chapter on disciplinary punishments the term disciplinary punishment is defined, and afterwards particular punishments for certain minor or severe violations of official duty are listed and described. The authors point out the punishment of conditional termination of civil service, which is imposed for particularly severe violations of official duty, when it makes sense to give the police officer one last chance to improve their behaviour and attitude towards the official duty. The following chapter describes the rules for determining disciplinary punishments, competent persons and deadlines for the execution of disciplinary measures, as well as the deadlines and reasons for deleting the executed disciplinary sanctions from the files of the police officers. After the analysis and comparison of the legal solutions in both countries, in the conclusion the authors give a critical review of the existing legislation and solutions for their improvement as refinements of existing and prescribing additional disciplinary sanctions for police officers, as well as proscribing disciplinary sanctions for the retired police officers. Thus the authors note that by proscribing two punishments for minor and six for severe violations of official duty in Croatia, and two punishments for minor and five for severe violations of official duty in Serbia, the legislators enabled individualization of sanctioning for particular violations and violators; however, they suggest also proscribing other disciplinary measures for the purpose of individualization of punishing. The authors propose proscribing the possibility of punishing retired police officers for violations committed while they were in the service, which would be modelled on the German Federal Disciplinary Law. Furthermore, they point out that it is not clear what purpose would be achieved in the Croatian law by imposing a punishment of relocating to another position with the same complexity of work, as well as suggest changing disciplinary punishment of prohibiting professional promotion and advancement in the service into the legal consequences of disciplinary punishments for police officers in Croatia, according to the Croatian Law on Civil Servants. ; Autori u radu daju prikaz i opis zakonom propisanih disciplinskih mera za policijske službenike u pravu Republike Hrvatske i Republike Srbije. Uz pojedine institute autori iznose stavove pravne doktrine, sudske prakse i statističke podatke. U uvodnom delu definišu se pojmovi policijskog službenika, disciplinske odgovornosti i obrazlaže svrha disciplinskog kažnjavanja. U poglavlju o disciplinskim merama određuje se pojam disciplinske mere, a zatim se navode i opisuju mere za lake i teške povrede službene dužnosti u hrvatskom i srpskom zakonodavstvu. U narednom poglavlju autori opisuju pravila za odmeravanje, izvršenje i brisanje disciplinskih mera. Nakon analize i upoređenja zakonodavnih rešenja u ovim državama, u zaključku autori daju kritički osvrt na postojeće zakonodavstvo i pojedine predloge za unapređenje u smislu preciziranja postojećih i propisivanja dodatnih disciplinskih mera za policijske službenike.
International police and other cooperation is a necessity of the modern world and imperative for the survival of human civilization. The goal of cooperation is that states and the international community unite in opposing crime as the greatest peacetime evil in the world. This is particularly in relation to organized crime, terrorism, and corruption and other most serious forms of crime in contemporary society. Cooperation takes place at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. Bilateral cooperation mainly has a trans-border character of neighboring countries, while the regional cooperation between states within certain areas such as the SEE region (Western Balkan) or Europe (e.g. Europol). Multilateral cooperation is mainly on a broader level, e.g. in the field of combating terrorism or through universal organizations (e.g. Interpol). International police cooperation in Europe has a long tradition. One part takes place today in this area through the OSCE, with the caveat that this is a global organization that deals with security issues. The Council of Europe is the next organization through which co-operation began in the past and is partly carried out to this day, given that it brings all European countries together (except Belarus). Cooperation is more intensive still throughout the European Union, its forerunners, the current forms of the organization and present mechanisms (EAW- European surrender and arrest warrant).53 The cooperation in the EU, that takes place through Europol as a specialized agency of the Union is especially current, but with minimal operational competencies. In the SEE region, a significant cooperation between countries of the former Yugoslavia and countries in its neighborhood has been achieved. This cooperation is not only based on bilateral and multilateral acts, but primarily regional documents of which the most important are the International Convention on Police Cooperation in SEE and SELEC Convention. According to these and other acts, all the countries in the region have taken part in regional cooperation, since the fight against crime is the common interest of all. This applies in particular to organized crime, terrorism, corruption and other most serious forms of crime. Extremely important shapes, forms and mechanisms of international police cooperation are: exchange of information, joint investigation teams, joint operational actions, liaison officers, contact points, regional centers for police and customs cooperation, joint police stations and others. To recap, international police cooperation in the world today is an expression of anti-criminal solidarity between states and its prospects are clear, because the danger of crime is global and requires a harmonized response at the international level.
International police and other cooperation is a necessity of the modern world and imperative for the survival of human civilization. The goal of cooperation is that states and the international community unite in opposing crime as the greatest peacetime evil in the world. This is particularly in relation to organized crime, terrorism, and corruption and other most serious forms of crime in contemporary society. Cooperation takes place at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. Bilateral cooperation mainly has a trans-border character of neighboring countries, while the regional cooperation between states within certain areas such as the SEE region (Western Balkan) or Europe (e.g. Europol). Multilateral cooperation is mainly on a broader level, e.g. in the field of combating terrorism or through universal organizations (e.g. Interpol). International police cooperation in Europe has a long tradition. One part takes place today in this area through the OSCE, with the caveat that this is a global organization that deals with security issues. The Council of Europe is the next organization through which co-operation began in the past and is partly carried out to this day, given that it brings all European countries together (except Belarus). Cooperation is more intensive still throughout the European Union, its forerunners, the current forms of the organization and present mechanisms (EAW- European surrender and arrest warrant).53 The cooperation in the EU, that takes place through Europol as a specialized agency of the Union is especially current, but with minimal operational competencies. In the SEE region, a significant cooperation between countries of the former Yugoslavia and countries in its neighborhood has been achieved. This cooperation is not only based on bilateral and multilateral acts, but primarily regional documents of which the most important are the International Convention on Police Cooperation in SEE and SELEC Convention. According to these and other acts, all the countries in the region have taken part in regional cooperation, since the fight against crime is the common interest of all. This applies in particular to organized crime, terrorism, corruption and other most serious forms of crime. Extremely important shapes, forms and mechanisms of international police cooperation are: exchange of information, joint investigation teams, joint operational actions, liaison officers, contact points, regional centers for police and customs cooperation, joint police stations and others. To recap, international police cooperation in the world today is an expression of anti-criminal solidarity between states and its prospects are clear, because the danger of crime is global and requires a harmonized response at the international level. ; U radu se obrađuje važno pitanje međunarodne policijske saradnje u regionu JIE u funkciji bezbednosti u Evropi, sa naglaskom na status i ulogu Republike Srbije. U funkciji teme je dat kratak osvrt na pravne izvore, vidove i oblike međunarodne policijske saradnje. Dalje se navode mehanizmi i organizacioni oblici međunarodne policijske saradnje u regionu JIE, kao što su: Asocijacija šefova policije (SEPCA), Mreža policijskih službenika (WPON), Policijski forum (PF), Regionalna inicijativa za migracije, azil i izbeglice (MARRI), Regionalna antikorupcijska inicijativa (RAI), Centar za saradnju službi za sprovođenje zakona JIE (SELEC) i dr. U završnom delu je ukazano na perspektive saradnje u regionu JIE i dalje povezivanje sa Europolom i institucijama EU, posebno u kontekstu aplikacije Srbije i ostalih zemalja bivše SFRJ za prijem u Uniju.
The realization and the protection of national interest is, traditionally, linked with the state of national security; national Security implies unobstructed achieving, enjoying and developing of national values and certainty of realizing national interests, absence of threats to national values and interests, as well as absence of fear that they will be endangered. Capability of state to regularly determine and efficiently realize national interests, depends on the level of security of society, state and international community. The policy of carrying out national interests is complicated because it is 'stretched' between real national needs, social interests, political and informal (interest and lobbying) groups, national power, the state of national and international security, national and international right, foreign policy of other states and political international organizations. As well as to propagation of national interests, statesmen are not always objective, and often changes in regime in countries in transition sometimes require drastically change in agenda of national interests. Eventually, contra positive attitudes in terms of declaring and the manner of achieving national interests can encourage conflicts of national and international proportions, especially in societies with undeveloped tolerance, security and political culture, in which the continuity in leading national politics does not exist. In such turbulent circumstances it is not that simple to define and achieve national priorities, and with that ensure national security. That is the situation with the Republic of Serbia too, which is a country in transition and in the process of international integrations. ; Dostizanje i zaštita nacionalnih interesa se, tradicionalno, vezuje za stanje bezbednosti države i nacije: nacionalna bezbednost upravo podrazumeva nesmetano dostizanje, uživanje i razvoj nacionalnih vrednosti i izvesnost realizovanja nacionalnih interesa, odsustvo pretnji po nacionalne vrednosti i interese, kao i odsustvo straha da će biti ugroženi. Od sposobnosti države da pravilno utvrdi i efikasno realizuje nacionalne interese, zavisi i stepen bezbednosti društva, države i međunarodne zajednice. Politika sprovođenja nacionalnih interesa je složena i u disperziji između realnih nacionalnih potreba, interesa društvenih, političkih i neformalnih (interesnih i lobističkih) grupa, nacionalne moći, stanja nacionalne i međunarodne bezbednosti, nacionalnog i međunarodnog prava, spoljne politike drugih država i politike međunarodnih organizacija. Uz to, u propagiranju nacionalnih interesa državnici nekada nisu objektivni, a česte promene režima u tranzicijskim državama neretko uslovljavaju i drastičnu promenu agende nacionalnih interesa. Najzad, oprečnost stavova u pogledu deklarisanja i načina dostizanja nacionalnih interesa može da podstakne konflikte nacionalnih i međunarodnih razmera, posebno u društvima sa nerazvijenom tolerancijom, bezbednosnom i političkom kulturom, i u kojima i ne postoji kontinuitet u vođenju nacionalne politike. U tako turbulentnim okolnostima nije jednostavno definisati i dostići nacionalne prioritete, a time ni osigurati nacionalnu bezbednost. U takvoj situaciji se nalazi i Republika Srbija, kao zemlja u tranziciji koja teži međunarodnim integracijama.
With the very first forms of defense sciences (as established in Serbia back in the second half of the 19th century), the first simplified forms and contents of the police science development emerge too. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the defense sciences had a decisive and strong influence on the development of the corpus of police disciplines and subsequently the police science. The first schools concerned with police activities were founded in the period between the two world wars, as police schools. The founder of these schools was Archibald Reiss, who passed his European knowledge into the Serbian police jaws. Even though, apart from police experts in the Gendarmerie School and in the Police School, a great number of instructors were of military profession. After World War Two, in Serbia and in the then SFR Yugoslavia huge needs emerged for police personnel, but at the time this personnel also came mostly from the ranks of military schools and academies. In a while, the establishment of the Secondary School of Internal Affairs and the High School of Internal Affairs opened a path for the development of police sciences. By the end of 1970s and until the beginning of 1990s, due to the lack of personnel with higher education, the major part of the police leading personnel, after the completion of the Secondary School of Internal Affairs, was referred to the Military Academy where they acquired higher level knowledge and skills in police units leadership. With the establishment of the Police Academy early in the last decade of the 20th century, a path was opened for the police science to leave the defense science corpus, as a separate science, under an influence of legal, economic and other sciences. In spite of its initial success and final division from other sciences, the police science is still under strong influence of defense sciences, particularly as regards the doctrinal, and consequently the personnel aspect. At the beginning of the third millennium, in the Serbian new education system, defense sciences deserve to be one of the founding pillars in creating highly educated and Europe-preferred profile of a future professional. In this regard, defense sciences are expected to be leading and founding the acceptance of police science as a modern science established on the foundation of defense sciences. Thus, a new education profile, such as a police diplomat, has been created as, in a way, a legal successor in the military diplomat affairs. Therefore, defense sciences are a mirror, and the police science is a reflection, of the future educated professional for security matters. ; Od prvih oblika nauka odbrane (koje su utvrđene u Srbiji još u drugoj polovini XIX veka) počinju sa razvojem i prve simplicizovane forme i sadržaji razvoja nauke o policiji. Nauke odbrane su krajem XIX i početkom XX veka imale presudan i snažan uticaj za razvoj korpusa policijskih disciplina i kasnije nauke o policiji. Prve škole koje su razmatrale policijske poslove nastaju između dva svetska rata, i to policijske škole, čiji je rodonačelnik Arčibald Rajs, koji je svoje evropsko znanje preneo u srpske policijske ralje. Bez obzira na sve to, pored policijskih stručnjaka u Žandarmerijskoj i Policijskoj školi veliki deo su činili i nastavnici vojne struke. Nakon Drugog svetskog rata u Srbiji i tadašnjoj SFRJ nastale su goleme potrebe za policijskim kadrom, ali su i tada ti kadrovi uglavnom bili iz redova vojnih škola i akademija. Ubrzo, nastankom Srednje škole unutrašnjih poslova i Više škole unutrašnjih poslova, otvara se put ka razvoju nauke u policiji. Nedostatkom fakultetski obrazovnog kadra, krajem sedamdesetih i sve do početka devedesetih godina prošlog veka, najveći deo rukovodećeg kadra u policiji je nakon završene Srednje škole unutrašnjih poslova upućivan u Vojnu akademiju, gde su sticali svoja fakultetska znanja i sposobnosti u rukovođenju policijskim jedinicama. Nastankom Policijske akademije, početkom poslednje decenije 20. veka, otvoren je put da se iz korpusa nauka odbrane, kao zasebna nauka, uz uticaj pravnih, ekonomskih i drugih nauka izdvoji nauka o policiji. I pored prvobitnog uspeha i konačnog izdvajanja iz drugih nauka, nauka o policiji još uvek podnosi snažan uticaj nauka odbrane, pre svega u doktrinarnom, posledično i u kadrovskom smislu. Nauke odbrane zaslužuju da budu u novom obrazovnom sistemu Srbije, početkom trećeg milenijuma, jedan od temelja stvaranja visoko-obrazovnog i evropski poželjnog profila budućeg profesionalca. S tim u vezi, očekuje se da nauke odbrane budu predvodnik i utemeljitelj prihvatanja nauke o policiji, kao savremene nauke nastale na temelju nauka odbrane. Tako, novi obrazovni profil, kao što je policijski diplomata, nastao je, na neki način, kao pravni sledbenik u poslovima vojnog diplomate. Dakle, nauke odbrane su ogledalo, a nauka o policiji odsjaj budućeg obrazovanog profesionalca za pitanja bezbednosti.
