Suchergebnisse

В итоге Великой Отечественной войны Крым понес значительные людские потери. Для восстановления демографического потенциала, инфраструктуры и народного хозяйства, Государственный комитет обороны признал необходимым переселить в Крым из различных областей РСФСР и УССР трудоспособных колхозников. В статье представлено исследование такой важнейшей составляющей государственной программы адаптации переселенцев, как система льгот для них, которая включала компенсацию всех видов затрат связанных с перевозкой людей из мест выхода до мест вселения, расходов, связанных с благополучным прибытием и расселением новоселов, а также их максимально комфортного проживания на полуострове. ; The problem of organizing in-country labor migration and social and household adaptation of migrants in places of arrival is relevant from both historical and administrative (social and economic) points of view. The subject matter of my article is postwar labor resettlement into Crimea: using source and narrative (juridical and economic) analysis as research methodology, I examine development of household adaptation system and administrative measurements in Crimean collective farming in 1944-1964. As a result of the Great Patriotic War, Crimea had huge human losses. To restore the demographic potential, infrastructure, and national farming, the Governmental Committee of Defense recognized the need to resettle able-bodied collective farm workers to Crimea from different regions of Russia and Ukraine. With the goal of active settling and also a successful and quick adaption of the arriving people, a system of benefits was introduced and implemented. It implied the compensation of all kinds of costs connected with transportation of the resettlers from places where they used to live, to places where they were going to live; costs connected with their successful arrival and settlement and also their maximal comfortable living on the Crimean peninsula. Based on archival sources, I show the main problems of Soviet farm adaptation system were as follows: (i) incompetent human resources policy of local Resettlement Committees (in the early stages, disabled farmers or even random people often forcibly were resettled to a rural area of the Crimea); (ii) lack of adequate housing on arrival points in Crimea, as well as insufficient construction of residential homes of farmstead type in rural areas without long-term development plan; (iii) lack of the necessary number of material and technical means, and in some cases the lack of technical, financial and administrative support itself; failure or total absence of expenditure on needs of resettlers' families; lack of compensation for farm left on a former place of residence. These drawbacks have been overcome in 20 years increased administrative control (tightened control over the development of state funds allocated for the resettlement activities; Resettlement Main Office initiated inspection of settlement process in the region with direct arrival at particular collective and state farms; requirements for accountable documents were raised). I conclude that in the Soviet Union, in-country labor migration was an important part of the post-war economic recovery. However, these measures were implemented without taking into account human factors and slowed down (reduced level) development of human and economic potential. Rigid state administration formally contributes to achieving social adaptation, but it is guided by the needs of the state machine, rather than human ones.

В статье рассматривается положение Крыма после завершения Великой Отечественной войны. Исследована динамика изменений в административно-территориальном и демографическом отношениях. Прослежен процесс реализации переселенческой программы и выведено его значение в аспекте решения демографической проблемы. ; Postwar history of the Crimea, in fact, reflects the entire system of social and political life in the USSR. At the same time changing the ethnic composition of the peninsula during the war and postwar period significantly affected its ethno-demographic and socio-economic aspect. In this sense, understanding of ethnodemographic and socio-economic processes in the post-war Crimea is of particular importance for its successful reunification with Russia. Based on archival documents analysis I am considering the dynamics of changes both in the administrative-territorial structure of the Crimea after the Great Patriotic War and in demographic composition of the peninsula. I also analyze archival documents connected with resettlement program realization. Based on archival documents analysis I am considering the dynamics of changes both in the administrative-territorial structure of the Crimea after the Great Patriotic War and in demographic composition of the peninsula. Based on the study of archival documents I distinguish three phases of post-war labor migration to the Crimea: (i) 1944-1953 the beginning of the resettlement process. This period, which began during the war, is characterized by extremely low efficiency of the resettlement. Wartime explains the lack of careful preparation of resettlement activities. As a result, resettlement organization at the initial stage was almost failed. I also analyze archival documents connected with resettlement program realization; (ii) 1954-1964 Nikita Khrushchev transfers Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR, and its government begins to lead the organization of labor migration. Accordingly, the main stream of immigrants came to the Crimea from the densely populated areas of Ukraine. Feature of this phase was a change of attitude towards immigrants: local administrators have focused on the arrivals consolidation on the peninsula; (iii) 1965-1976 this stage is characterized by well-established pattern of population movement. Authorities more carefully approached to the choice of resettlement contingent (required rates were registered in the special instructions); local administrators devoted considerable attention to the construction of standard housing for the newcomers. As a result, in 1960s-1970s, population growth in the Crimea was 40.3%, the labor force increased by 60.1%. In my article, I also pay special attention to the state institutions carrying out management resettlement to Crimea.

В статье рассмотрен ход трудовой миграции в Крым. Государственная программа по переселению трудового населения была введена в связи с крайне тяжелым демографическим положением, в котором оказался регион после завершения военных действий Великой Отечественной войны на территории региона и насильственных депортаций. Прослежено развитие процесса, выявлены основные принципы организации переселения на полуостров. Исследование базируется на архивных материалах, которые впервые вводятся в научный оборот. ; As a result of the Great Patriotic War, Crimea had major human losses. To restore the demographic potential, infrastructure, and national farming, the Governmental Committee of Defense recognized the need to resettle able-bodied collective farm workers to Crimea from different regions of Russia and Ukraine. The resettlement can definitely be called a key event in the peninsula's post-war history. The main component for measuring the consolidation of the settlers in Crimea was the effective implementation of a social adaption program. It, first of all, included the building of houses for newcomers, infrastructure expansion, credit, and the attention to needs and problems of the new settlers. They cared about organizing the arrival of people and safely moving them into new houses. But there were still many problems. For example, some people did not fully carry out their functions. There were technological violations of constructing houses for the settlers. And there were cases of inappropriate uses of housing. But despite it all, the process of economic and housing arrangements for the arriving population rose to a better level within this period. Immigrants settled in new houses. They were hooked up to electricity, water pipes were laid. Schools, kindergartens were under construction. The settlers were able to use state credits, and they received preferential prices on food. As a result of these measures, the absolute majority of the population arrived and was settled in an orderly fashion in the region.