Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe debate surrounding peacekeeping missions and humanitarian intervention has become particularly poignant with the conflagration of violent conflict and incidents of genocide, presenting States with a moral and legal dilemma. While not addressing the issue of humanitarian intervention, this study argues that the international legal order imposes upon States not only a right but a duty to see to it that other States party to conflict abide by their legal and humanitarian obligations as members of the international community. The duty, argues the study, is imposed by several factors. Article~1 common to the Geneva Conventions and additional Protocol I imposes upon signatories the duty to ``respect and ensure respect for the Convention[s] ...'' The universal acceptance of the Conventions as well as the customary law nature and objective character of several of the Conventions' provisions and general principles of international law further make for an erga omnes responsibility, not only a contractual one between States, thus not subject to the principle of reciprocity. The paper shows that this obligation to act to ensure compliance with humanitarian law further arises from the United Nations Charter as well. The study goes on to discuss the scope of the duty to act, arguing that the Draft Articles on State Responsibility and a number of decisions by the International Court of Justice have gone beyond defining a State's right to act and beyond the duty not to assist the commission of violations, the omission of which constitute wrongful acts by States. It is further shown that the aforementioned is an obligation of result; States must continue to take measures to bring parties to a conflict to compliance with international humanitarian commitments until the desired result is achieved. Finally, the study concludes that the lack of enforcement of humanitarian law is a result of States' unwillingness to subject themselves to judicial machinery, which ``while cognizant of the hornets' nests of political entanglements, have the potential to struggle free of them.''

Acknowledgments -- Introduction to the second edition -- Introduction -- The beginnings -- From Da'wah to jihad -- An all-out war -- Into Jordan -- The Mish'al affair -- Out of Jordan -- The liberation ideology of Hamas -- Jihad and martyrdom -- Hamas, the PLO, and the Palestinian Authority -- Hamas in government -- Towards the next intifada? -- Appendix I: This is what we struggle for -- Appendix II: The Islamic resistance movement (Hamas) -- Appendix III: We will not sell our people or our principles for foreign aid -- Appendix IV: What Hamas is seeking -- Appendix V: A just peace or no peace -- Appendix VI: Hamas election manifesto for the legislative elections held on 25 January 2006

AbstractThis article explores the interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and validity and identifies areas where AI can help build validity arguments, and where AI might not be ready to contribute to our work in establishing validity. The validity of claims made in an evaluation is critical to the field, since it highlights the strengths and limitations of findings and can contribute to the utilization of the evaluation. Within this article, validity will be discussed within two broad categories: quantitative validity and qualitative trustworthiness. Within these categories, there are multiple types of validity, including internal validity, measurement validity, establishing trustworthiness, and credibility, to name a few. Each validity type will be discussed within the context of AI, examining if and how AI can be leveraged (or not) to help establish a specific validity type, or where it might not be possible for AI (in its current form) to contribute to the development of a validity argument. Multiple examples will be provided throughout the article to highlight the concepts introduced.

AbstractThe BUILD initiative is part of the Diversity Program Consortium, which the National Institutes of Health funded to increase diversity in biomedical research. This chapter aims to identify implications for the field from the multisite evaluation of BUILD initiative programs by reviewing the work undertaken by the authors of the other chapters in this issue. Given the complexities involved in multisite evaluations, innovative approaches and methods were used to balance the needs of each site with the overall objectives of the broader initiative. These approaches included a flexible orientation to the evaluation, mixed‐methods designs that prioritized understanding the context before measuring it, and innovative analytic techniques (e.g., meta‐analysis) to recognize the uniqueness of each site while providing insights about their cumulative impact. The BUILD initiative evaluation also offered many other valuable lessons about engaging stakeholders, focusing on use, and responding to changing priorities over time.

Tujuan penelitian menganalisis efektivitas kinerja jaksa pengacara negara dalam penyelamatan aset pemerintah daerah dan menganalisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melaui wawancara sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh melalui dokumen-dokumen, jurnal-jurnal ilmiah maupun artikel ilmiah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Efektivitas kinerja Jaksa Pengacara Negara dapat dikatakan masih kurang efektif dikarenakan masih ada kasus sengketa terkait aset pemerintah daerah yang tidak ditangani langsung oleh jaksa pengacara negara, banyaknya perkara yang sedang berjalan di pengadilan negeri Makassar tetapi terlepas dari peran jaksa pengacara negara dan sampai pada saat ini belum ada perkara yang sampai pada putusan akhir (2) faktor yang mempengaruhi keefektifan dari Jaksa Pengacara Negara ialah kendala berupa bukti formilnya, karena sudah terdaftar jadi aset di pemerintah daerah tapi tidak punya dasar hak berupa sertifikat dalam kepemilikan aset. The research objective is to analyze the effectiveness of the performance of state attorneys in salvaging local government assets and to analyze. This study uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews while secondary data was obtained through documents, scientific journals and scientific articles. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The effectiveness of the performance of the State Attorney's Attorney can be said to be still less effective because there are still dispute cases related to local government assets that are not handled directly by the state attorney general, the number of cases that are currently ongoing in the Makassar District Court but regardless of the role state attorney general and until now there has been no case that has reached a final decision (2) the factor that affects the effectiveness of the state attorney is the obstacle in the form of formal evidence, because it has been registered as an asset in the regional government but does not have a basic ...

Islam as a religion of da'wah has provided a lot of methods or ways to doing activities of da'wah to the people. One of interesting to discussed is about da'wah of Prophet Moses a.s to the most arrogant king at that time he is Fir'aun. The method did by Prophet Moses a.s is qoulan layyinan method. It is with a soft ways, even though he was facing the most arrogant people in the world. Then, how if the method of da'wah applied by a critical society now where the society more a critical attitude about situation and condition that are being now. This research used the library reseach. Because the sourch used in this research is books especially the previous boos of comentators in the al-Quran cause thematic studies in this research is al-Quran surah Ta ha verses 43-44. Analysis process of data in this research started by examining data that is available, it is some of comentators's books and other supporting books. The process is reading and collecting data. After reading, the next is studied and examined. Then, the next step is making a reduksion of data that is done by way of making abstract and associated by phenomenon that happening at society this time. The results of this research shows that the study about phenomenon in the critical society that happening now must be matched with the da'wah qoulan layyinan method of Prophet Moses a.s. Because this time is the age of social media which continuous to grow. All complaints, criticisms and problems can be delivered everywhere and everytime, can be seen by anyone either by civil society and government, either by young and old. So it is unfortunate if the criticism that deliveried isn't match with the based method of Islam. By knowing the various opinions of comentators of al-Quran about the method of dakwah qoulan layyinan with the soft attitude and words from Prophet Moses a.s in the al-Quran surah Ta ha verses 43-44, so the deliveried criticism by someone will be right on target and enter to heart of anyone who are given criticism. AbstrakIslam sebagai agama dakwah telah memberikan berbagai metode atau cara dalam melakukan kegiatan dakwah kepada ummat manusia. Salah satu yang menarik untuk dibahas tentang metode dakwah Nabi Musa a.s ketika menghadapi seorang Raja yang paling sombong pada waktu itu yaitu Fir'aun. Metode yang dilakukan Nabi Musa a.s adalah metode qoulan layyinan yaitu dengan cara yang lemah lembut, padahal ia tengah menghadapi seseorang yang paling sombong di muka bumi. Maka bagaimana jika metode dakwah itu diterapkan pada saat ini dimana masyarakat semakin kritis terhadap situasi dan kondisi yang terjadi dihadapannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan atau library research. Sebab sumber yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah buku-buku baik terutama kitab-kitab Tafsir para Ulama Ahli Tafsir karna kajian tematis pada penelitian ini adalah al-Qur'an surat Thaha ayat 43-44. Proses analisis data pada penelitian ini dimulai dengan menela'ah data yang tersedia yaitu, beberapa kitab Tafasir para Ulama Tafsir dan buku-buku pendukung lainnya. Prosesnya adalah membaca, mengumpulkan data. Setelah dibaca, dipelajari, dan ditelaah, maka langkah berikutnya adalah mengadakan reduksi data yang dilakukan dengan jalan membuat abstraksi serta mengaitkannya dengan fenomena yang terjadi pada masyarakat saat ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kajian tentang fenomena masyarakat kritis yang terjadi saat ini haruslah sesuai dengan metode dakwah qoulan layyinan Nabi Musa a.s. Sebab saat ini merupakan zaman sosial media yang semakin berkembang. Semua keluhan, kritikan, dan permasalahan bisa disampaikan dimanapun dan kapanpun, dapat dilihat oleh siapapun baik dari kalangan masyarakat sipil maupun pemerintahan, baik muda maupun tua. Sehingga amat disayangkan jika kritik yang disampaikan tidak sesuai dengan metode yang sesuai dengan ajaran Islam. Dengan mengetahui berbagai pendapat para ahli tafsir tentang metode dakwah qaulan layyinan yaitu dengan sikap dan perkataan yang lemah lembut Nabi Musa pada al-Qur'an Surat Thaha ayat 43-44, maka kritik yang disampaikan seseorang akan tepat sasaran dan mengena ke hati orang yang diberikan kritik.

Cadre de la recherche : Bien qu'elle connaisse le Bois des Pins (récemment rouvert au public), la ville de Beyrouth manque cruellement d'espaces publics. Les quelques rares places sont, pour la plupart, dégradées ; les petits espaces récréatifs dédiés aux enfants, bien peu nombreux. Cette ville, qui peu à peu se vide des jeunes couples (surtout avec l'élévation du prix foncier), ne s'intéresse guère aux enfants ou aux adolescents, mais cherche avant tout à attirer le jeune public dans ses quartiers branchés ou à séduire les touristes par la reconstruction du centre-ville.
Objectifs : Le présent article n'a pas comme objectif de s'épancher sur les maux de cette société dont les origines remontent à des siècles, mais plutôt d'analyser « la ville comme le lieu où s'inventent les solutions ». Nous nous demandons alors : pourquoi ne pas réinventer l'usage des écoles (qui ne servent que quelques heures durant la journée) pour en faire des espaces récréatifs l'après-midi et durant les vacances estivales ?
Méthodologie : En nous fondant sur les résultats d'une recherche doctorale portant sur l'architecture scolaire au Liban, nous avons identifié les attentes des usagers en matière d'espaces urbains. Nous privilégions dans ce travail une méthode mixte : qualitative (à travers des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec les acteurs du secteur éducatif) et quantitative (portant sur un modèle de cas multiples).
Résultats : Les avis recueillis des directeurs, des parents et des élèves, bien que ces derniers fussent parfois réticents, paraissent s'accorder avec la volonté de faire place aux jeunes dans la ville de demain. Mais le partage des espaces scolaires avec la ville pose la question de la sécurité, de la détérioration et du maintien de la propreté de ces infrastructures.
Conclusions : Rendre la ville aux enfants et aux adolescents impliquera donc non seulement des modifications physiques dans la ville mais aussi un changement des habitudes et des mentalités des habitants et des décideurs locaux.
Contribution : Cet article cherche à penser « autrement » le milieu scolaire urbain afin de rendre aux jeunes des espaces qui leur reviennent de droit.