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The research relevance is determined by the significant role of geopolitics in the life of certain regions over the past two centuries of human history, while the methods of geopolitical play remained the same, thus studying the experience is important to prevent new mistakes. The study aims to investigate the military and political processes in the Middle East during the Cold War and to determine what political methods were used by the representatives of different parties. The main methods used in the historical research were the following: analysis of sources to determine their reliability; synthesis with other works, creating new views on the problem; the method of analogy; and the method of generalisation. The analysis of many historical works and sources determined that the territory of the Middle East was of great importance to both the United States and the USSR. During the Cold War, many serious conflicts took place in the Middle East. These conflicts had their origins in the long-standing confrontation between Arabs and Jews, and, with the spread of modern ideas at the time, the struggle between socialism and democracy. This led to significant interference by external forces in the internal affairs of the Middle East, which led to escalating conflicts and instability in the region. Geopolitical battles between various conflicting forces, as well as the deployment of military operations and sponsorship of various conflict groups, have led to deep divisions and even armed clashes. It also contributed to the rise of extremism, religious ideologies and terrorist activities, which have had a further impact on stability and security not only at the regional level but also at the global level. The study results will be useful for all those who study history and geopolitics. Using the example of the confrontation in the Middle East, it is possible to identify general trends in the policy of superpowers during the Cold War and to define certain methods of geopolitics

The main objective of the land reform in Ukraine, which was launched 22 years ago, is to involve agricultural land in full, efficient, and transparent economic (market) turnover. During different stages of transformations in land relations, in scientific, political, and social circles, the issue of market turnover of agricultural land was particularly acute and always caused many disputes about precisely what the market turnover of land should be. With the introduction (from July 2021) of the market turnover of agricultural land, questions about its functioning not only remained, but, on the contrary, additional tasks were added: which model of market turnover Ukraine has chosen; what are the results of the functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land; whether the model of market turnover of agricultural land corresponds to the European integration direction of Ukraine's development, etc. This study is focused on highlighting such issues, clearly revealing the essence of the subject through the analysis of statistical data, which in turn forms the relevance of the results presented. The purpose of the study is to cover and analyse the outcomes of the market turnover of agricultural land in Ukraine and to identify the existing issues. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive examination of the results of purchase and sale transactions of ownership rights to agricultural land plots concluded in Ukraine during 07/01/2021 – 07/01/2022 to determine the main trends in the results. The methods of analysis of the given subject were general scientific, including structural and functional (description and explanation of pricing and functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land); comparison (identification of discrepancies in the data of land value and the basis of its calculation on the basis of collected statistical data on the results of the market turnover of land), abstract and logical (generalisation and formulation of conclusions). Based on the findings, the results of the functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land were analysed, the causes of overstatement of land value were identified and the main price trends were established. The value of agricultural land is calculated by applying the median, the results are compared with the calculations of the average value. It is argued that the state authorities' data on the value of agricultural land is calculated incorrectly. The number and structure of concluded contracts for the sale and purchase of agricultural land in the context of regions are investigated. The value indicators of agricultural land depending on the location, purpose and type of land are highlighted. The main difficulties in the functioning of the market turnover of agricultural land have been identified. Prospects for further research are to find solutions to the existing problems of market turnover of agricultural land by applying the findings of the study.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the experience of the functioning of the market circulation of agricultural land in Denmark, in order to further implement in Ukrainian practice, the positive and avoid negative aspects of this experience. Research methods. The study used an empirical method (comprehensive assessment of the modern model of market turnover of agricultural land in Denmark); generalization and systematization (construction of the concept and logical-structural model of economic turnover of lands); abstract-logical method (theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions). Research results. It was found that the tightly regulated market turnover of agricultural land in Denmark was changed to a more liberal one, with permission to buy land for foreigners, but this not only did not attract investment as expected, but on the contrary, led to even more negative and crisis phenomena in country. The main tools, mechanisms and conditions of land turnover in agriculture of this country are determined. Scientific novelty. The main purpose of regulating the market turnover of land in Danish agriculture has been established. The legal framework of Denmark for regulating the market circulation of agricultural land has been studied. The structural and logical scheme of market circulation of agricultural lands is formed. The provisions on the Ukrainian model of regulating the market turnover of agricultural lands were further developed, taking into account the experience of the studied country. Practical significance. The results of the study of the experience of the Kingdom of Denmark on the market turnover of land, in terms of granting non-residents access to the right to purchase agricultural land, is a clear practical answer and a caveat that should undoubtedly be taken into account in Ukraine. The application of the Danish experience should help to build an effective model of market turnover of agricultural land in our country. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 18.

Capitalist relations are the crucial object of social critique due to their innate tendency to accelerate the metabolic rift and alienation, yet, I argue, our focus should stretch beyond capitalist relations. Indeed, both ecocidal and conservationist tendencies have occurred in multiple historical forms of social relations, including socialist societies, for example, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These are phenomena that reiterate the social, rather than purely capitalist relations as the driver of environmental destruction. Metabolic rifts occur due to malfunctioning of the human–human/human–nature relationships and it is the elimination and prevention of that malfunctioning that must be the aim of radical environmental politics and policies, not merely (the necessary) elimination of capitalist relations. This article contributes to the symposium in three complementary ways. First, it critiques the application of dialectical reading of human–nature relations as articulated in the Foster–Moore debate in its own right. Second, it rearticulates that reading through the lens of the dialectical biospheric analytics of late Soviet ecology. And third, it invokes the dialectical thought of Evald Ilyenkov.

Introduction. Decossackization is a complex issue of modern historiography of the Cossacks. The scientific relevance of the decossackization issue is caused by shortage of generalizing studies. The social and political relevance is connected with the Cossack Renaissance in modern Russia. It is possible to see a major boundary in decossackization, which divided traditional and modern history of the Cossacks. Methods. The author uses the method of analytical historiography, complex, structural and comparative analysis of historiographic sources, quantitative analysis of the nomenclature of studies. The bibliography statistics is received on the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) database. Analysis. Defining Decossackization: definitions, approaches, periodization. Soviet and post-Soviet historiography. The newest historiography of the 21st century. Alternative and expanded renderings of Decossackization. Approaches to how Decossackization should be determined in the legal systems of Russia and the USA. Determining Decossackization as the genocide of the Cossacks. Considering V.V. Putin and Patriarch Kirill's expressed opinions on Decossackization; the influence of these opinions on the historiography in question. Emphasizing the topicality of researching Decossackization in the historical memory of the Cossacks. Most works on Decossakization were published already in the 21st century, but they amount to only about 1 % of the whole number of studies devoted to the Cossacks, which means that new studies into the question will be both topical and necessary. Results. The scholastic research into Decossackization stems from Soviet historiography. The post-Soviet period saw a wide range of opinions and suggested approaches to the problem of Decossackization. In the 21st century politicians, church leaders, lawyers, historians and the Cossacks themselves have reached a consensus on that Decossackization must be viewed as a tragedy. New researchers agree with the definition of Decossackization as genocide or a kind of cruel mass repression in the Soviet Russia.

The subject of the study covers theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of strategic management of financial activity of construction enterprises. The purpose of the work is to determine the theoretical and methodological provisions and to substantiate the practical recommendations for the development of financial strategy of construction enterprises including definition of the sequence of stages and their essence from a methodological point of view. Method or methodology of work. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research includes general scientific (dialectic, structural and functional methods) and special methods of cognition of the studied economic phenomena and processes. Result of work. The article presents the essential characteristics of the financial strategy of construction enterprises, its features, structural elements and the course of its development and implementation stages. The paper describes and proposed areas in which it is necessary to develop a financial strategy for construction enterprises. Areas of results application. The results of the study can be used in the theory and practice of strategic management of construction enterprises in the process of developing and implementing their financial strategy. Conclusions. The financial strategy development is a long and complicated process covering the following stages: analysis of the strategic financial position of the construction enterprise, including financial analysis of external and internal environment; definition of the strategic financial goals; financial strategy development in the following areas value-based management, accounting, asset management, cash flow management, credit policy, investment policy, financial risk management, dividend policy; financial strategy implementation and monitoring.

International audience ; The article discusses various research approaches towards understanding the nature of stereotype, further considered through the lens of semantic concepts developed by H. Putnam, B. Fradin, and J.-Cl. Anscombre. We closely examine the content of linguistic items, the distribution of the semantic components of words, and a number of issues related to combinatorics. Based on examples from modern Russian political speeches, we illustrate the idea that the process of uniting language elements within word combinations depends on the nature of semantic features of such language elements. Then, the transfer of meaning and the role of stereotype in metaphor formation are discussed. Finally, we analyze the possibility of using stereotypical characteristics of words as a part of linguistic argument strategy that implies deliberate use of concepts and ideas providing for persuasive communication in political discourse. ; В статье освещаются некоторые исследовательские подходы к осмыслению природы стереотипа. Понятие стереотип рассматривается в ключе семантической концепции, которую в разное время разрабатывали Х. Патнэм, Б. Фраден, Ж.-К. Анскомбр. Исследуется содержание единиц языкового выражения, распределение компонентов семантики слова, а также круг вопросов, относящихся к сочетаемости языковых единиц. Особенности взаимодействия слов в рамках словосочетаний, зависящие от характера семантических признаков данных языковых единиц, показаны на примерах из текстов современной российской политической речи. Значительное место в статье отводится теме переноса значения и роли стереотипа в образовании метафоры. Анализируется возможность использования стереотипных характеристик слова как части лингвистической аргументативной стратегии, в рамках которой в политическом дискурсе сознательно воспроизводятся концепты и представления, обеспечивающие персуазивность коммуникации.

International audience ; Le présent article porte sur le rôle de la composante connotée dans la sémantique des lexèmes, et sur la problématique de la reproduction des valeurs connotées en traduction. Quand on dit que la traduction est impossible, on pense souvent aux connotations, qui mettent en cause la possibilité du transfert des notions d'une langue à une autre, d'une représentation du monde à une autre. En partant du principe que la connotation est un phénomène pragmatique, nous entreprendrons une étude des paramètres qui véhiculent les mécanismes de la genèse des sens connotés en russe, en français et en espagnol. Ensuite, nous analyserons certaines techniques de traduction visant le transfert des sens connotés d'une langue à une autre.Les signifiants et les signifiés de la connotation peuvent être de nature variable ; il arrive que plusieurs valeurs connotées s'accumulent sous forme d'une unité lexicale. Ayant une structure sémantique complexe, les connotations constituent une variété d'informations pragmatiques liées au mot : elles ne reflètent pas les objets ou les phénomènes du monde réel, mais une certaine vision de ceux-ci, une certaine attitude à leur égard, cette vision et cette attitude n'étant pas caractéristiques du sujet parlant en tant qu'individu, mais en tant que représentant d'une certaine communauté linguistique et culturelle. Nous allons démontrer que les connotations stylistiques et énonciatives – évaluatives et émotives – se trouvent étroitement liées.En traduction, dans le cadre d'une approche pragmatique, l'analyse du degré d'équivalence entre les textes source et cible du point de vue de la force illocutoire s'impose : dans ce cas, la traduction est considérée comme réussie si l'effet illocutoire dans le texte source est interprété correctement et transmis ensuite dans le texte cible. Ainsi, le texte cible ne correspond pas nécessairement au texte source au niveau de la dénotation, mais si son contenu produit un effet communicatif équivalent à celui du texte source (pour notre ...

International audience ; En este artículo quisiéramos examinar las propiedades calificativas del término «migrante», así como los mecanismos de la combinatoria del término «migrante» y de sus derivados con otras palabras utilizadas en el sentido metafórico (por ejemplo, «flujo migratorio»). Además, intentamos identificar los mecanismos que permitirían examinar las expresiones metafóricas que reemplazan el vocablo «migrante» en los textos de los medios de comunicación y en el discurso político en ruso, francés y español. Por lo tanto, proponemos un análisis lingüístico de las características estereotípicas que, durante los últimos diez años, están asociadas a la noción de sujeto migrante como «otro» y que hacen posible la génesis de metáforas. ; Nous souhaitons nous interroger sur les propriétés qualificatives du terme « migrant » et sur les mécanismes de la combinatoire du mot « migrant » et de ses dérivés avec d'autres mots employés au sens métaphorique (par exemple, « flou migratoire »). Aussi, nous cherchons à identifier les mécanismes qui permettent d'examiner les expressions métaphoriques qui remplacent le terme « migrant » dans les textes médiatiques et politiques en russe, en français et en espagnol. Nous voudrions donc proposer une analyse linguistique des caractéristiques stéréotypiques qui s'associent, au cours des dix dernières années, à la notion du sujet migrant en tant qu'« autre », et qui rendent possible la genèse des métaphores.