Intro -- Title -- Dedication -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Acronyms -- Notes on Transliterations -- Administrative map of Iraq -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I Key Components of Iraq's Economics - Diagnosis -- Chapter 1 The Consumers -- Chapter 2 The producers -- Chapter 3 The domestic economy -- Chapter 4 Sector policies -- Chapter 5 International economics -- Chapter 6 Monetary and fiscal policies -- Chapter 7 Resource allocation -- Part II Why is Iraq's economics where it is - Interpretation -- Chapter 8 Interpretation of Iraq's economics I: polity, politics and economics -- Chapter 9 Interpretation of Iraq's economics II: culture, religious codes and objective conditions -- Part III Into the future - prognosis -- Chapter 10 Prospects of the Iraqi economy -- Appendix 1: The Evolution of Mesopotamia/Iraq economics - a Sketch -- Appendix 2: Women in Mesopotamian/Iraqi Economics -- Appendix 3: Economics and religious codes in Mesopotamia/Iraq -- Appendix 4: Economic impacts of cultural continuum -- Epilogue -- Bibliography -- Index -- Copyright
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"Der Begriff eines regional geprägten Konkurrenzgeistes hat in akademischen, politischen und Praktikerkreisen an Boden gewonnen. Besonders der städtische Konkurrenzgeist hat eine umfangreiche Literatur erzeugt. Es besteht jedoch Gefahr, daß Konkurrenzgeist auf Gebietsebene zur begrifflichen Schimäre wird. Das Grundproblem ist, daß gebietsgebundene Spieler und Agenturen bestrebt sind, die Nützlichkeit ihrer Regionen und Teilregionen durch Hinweis auf eine Reihe von Maßnahmen und Meßlatten zu positionieren und zu erhalten, die begrifflich verdächtig sind und empirisch auf unsicheren Füßen stehen. Das Ausmaß der Konkurrenz unter Regionen hängt von einem Bündel vielfältiger Faktoren ab. Dieser Aufsatz schlägt einen begrifflichen Rahmen für regionale Konkurrenz vor, der sich auf ein Durchkämmen der Wettbewerbsvorteile von Firmen und auch die vergleichbaren Vorteile eine Regionalwirtschaft stützt. Der begriffliche Mechanismus der Übertragung auf einen regionalen Konkurrenzgeist verbindet Liebensteins Theorie der 'X-Unwirksamkeit' mit Ballungswirtschaften. Der Aufsatz bringt zuerst einen Überblick über Konkurrenz und ihre Literatur. Dann untersucht er die regionalen Bilanzbeschränkungen im Lichte des Fehlens eines echten regionalen Wechselkurses. Abschließend wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob der begriffliche Ansatz der Autoren für eine Untersuchung der Maßstabsindikatoren der Region London im Vergleich zu anderen Metropolen geeignet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long- term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.