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AbstractThe meaning of modernization as a strategy for reforming the Danish welfare state must be deconstructed in order to reveal a proper role for evaluation practice.

In social entrepreneurship, social innovation and human economy coexist with democratic governance and volunteerism in the development of new initiatives and responses to wicked welfare problems. Volunteerism in social entrepreneurship takes up a prominent position, leading to the birth of new organisational hybrid formats: social enterprises. Drawing upon a single case study of 'the Bridge', a typical Danish work integration social enterprise (WISE), it is shown how social enterprises act as 'strong learning arenas', opting for a number of high-profile and 'popular' objectives: to train and empower marginal citizens, to create sustainable enterprises in a new economy, to strengthen the local community, to renew welfare services and labour strategies, and to develop social enterprise and business models. Adding to these objectives we can include democracy and participation, and positioning the voluntary sector and the volunteers as vital agents in this development. The case analysis illustrates that these many objectives are quite demanding, yet also within reach; however, sufficient financial, organisational and managerial mechanisms are paramount. ; In social entrepreneurship, social innovation and human economy coexist with democratic governance and volunteerism in the development of new initiatives and responses to wicked welfare problems. Volunteerism in social entrepreneurship takes up a prominent position, leading to the birth of new organisational hybrid formats: social enterprises. Drawing upon a single case study of 'the Bridge', a typical Danish work integration social enterprise (WISE), it is shown how social enterprises act as 'strong learning arenas', opting for a number of high-profile and 'popular' objectives: to train and empower marginal citizens, to create sustainable enterprises in a new economy, to strengthen the local community, to renew welfare services and labour strategies, and to develop social enterprise and business models. Adding to these objectives we can include democracy and participation, and positioning the voluntary sector and the volunteers as vital agents in this development. The case analysis illustrates that these many objectives are quite demanding, yet also within reach; however, sufficient financial, organisational and managerial mechanisms are paramount.

"The modern labour market has increasingly put the inner working life on the agenda. This stems from a number of societal changes: the knowledge society and its need of personalised competences and work Investments in welfare services, the transformation from subject-object relationships to subject-subject relationships and the emergence of the 'learning organisations' and reflexive leadership. All of this has been the subject of critical analyses tracing modern work life identities, conflicts, organisational and societal structuration. Against this background the accounts and conceptualisations of work life involving people to people interactions offered by psychodynamic theories and methods take up a pivotal position. Psychoanalytic organisational and work life research explores how work, organisations and individuals are affected by psychic dynamics, the influence of the unconscious in the forms of human development and interaction situated in a societal context. Based on this substantial work the authoress draws upon two influential psychoanalytical positions - the British Tavistock position and German psychoanalytic social psychology in order to situate and identify how to understand the inner and outer life at work - in a generic display of concepts, methods and epistemoloqy." (author's abstract)

Fieldwork is one of the important methods in educational, social, and organisational research. In fieldwork, the researcher takes residence for a shorter or longer period amongst the subjects and settings to be studied. The aim of this is to study the culture of people: how people seem to make sense of their lives and which moral, professional, and ethical values seem to guide their behaviour and attitudes. In fieldwork, the researcher has to balance participation and observation in her attempts at representation. Consequently, the researcher's academic and life-historical subjectivity are important filters for fieldwork. In general, fieldwork can be understood as processes where field reports and field analysis are determined by how the researcher interacts with and experiences the field, the events and informants in it, and how she subsequently develops an ethnography. However, fieldwork is also subjected to psychodynamic processes. In this article, I draw upon a number of research inquiries to illustrate how psychodynamic processes influence research processes: data production, research questions and methodology, relations to informants, as well as interpretation and analysis. I further investigate through a case study how the psychoanalytical concepts of "transference" and "institutional transference" can provide insight into the dynamics of efficiency and democracy at a number of Danish human service organisations. ; Fieldwork is one of the important methods in educational, social, and organisational research. In fieldwork, the researcher takes residence for a shorter or longer period amongst the subjects and settings to be studied. The aim of this is to study the culture of people: how people seem to make sense of their lives and which moral, professional, and ethical values seem to guide their behaviour and attitudes. In fieldwork, the researcher has to balance participation and observation in her attempts at representation. Consequently, the researcher's academic and life-historical subjectivity are important filters for fieldwork. In general, fieldwork can be understood as processes where field reports and field analysis are determined by how the researcher interacts with and experiences the field, the events and informants in it, and how she subsequently develops an ethnography. However, fieldwork is also subjected to psychodynamic processes. In this article, I draw upon a number of research inquiries to illustrate how psychodynamic processes influence research processes: data production, research questions and methodology, relations to informants, as well as interpretation and analysis. I further investigate through a case study how the psychoanalytical concepts of "transference" and "institutional transference" can provide insight into the dynamics of efficiency and democracy at a number of Danish human service organisations.

"Der moderne Arbeitsmarkt hat mehr und mehr das Innenleben der Arbeitswelt auf die Agenda gesetzt. Hierfür sind insbesondere gesellschaftliche Veränderungsprozesse ausschlaggebend: die Wissensgesellschaft und deren Bedarf an personalisierten Kompetenzen und Arbeitsinvestitionen, Sozialdienste, die Transformation von Subjekt-Objekt- hin zu Subjekt-Subjekt-Beziehungen und das Entstehen 'lernender Organisationen' und eines 'reflexiven' Managements. All diese Änderungen sind Gegenstand kritischer Analysen gewesen, die sich mit Identität in modernen Arbeitswelten, mit Konflikten, mit organisatorischen und gesellschaftlichen Strukturierungsprozessen befassten. Vor diesem Hintergrund kommt psychodynamischen Theorien und Methoden, die sich mit arbeitsweltlichen Konzeptualisierungen befassen, in denen die Mensch-Mensch-Interaktion von Bedeutung ist, eine zentrale Rolle zu: Psychoanalytische Organisations- und Arbeitsforschung untersucht, wie Arbeit, Organisationen und Individuen durch psychische Dynamiken beeinflusst werden, also mit der Bedeutung des Unbewussten für die menschliche Entwicklung und Interaktion, die als gesellschaftlich situiert verstanden werden. Ausgehend von diesen substanziellen Vorannahmen wendet sich die Autorin insbesondere zwei einflussreichen psychoanalytischen Positionen zu, der des britischen Tavistock-Instituts einerseits und der deutschen psychoanalytischen Sozialpsychologie andererseits, um zu identifizieren, wie das 'Innen-' und 'Außenleben' in der Arbeitswelt verstanden werden können in einem generischen Zusammenspiel aus Konzepten, Methoden und Epistemologie." (Autorenreferat)

In diesem Beitrag wird eine psychoanalytische und kulturwissenschaftliche Betrachtung der Modernisierung des dänischen Wohlfahrtsstaats geleistet. Hierzu werden Wandlungsprozesse in öffentlichen Wohlfahrtsinstitutionen sowohl theoretisch erörtert als auch an empirischen Beispielen veranschaulicht: 1. wird diskutiert, dass Wandlungsprozesse infolge von Modernisierung Angst, Abwehr und Ambivalenz verursachen. Danach wird 2. gezeigt, wie mittels der Analyse von (Gegen-) Übertragungsreaktionen signifikante Einsichten in individuelle und organisatorische Dynamiken eröffnet werden, die zu einer Reformulierung des Verständnisses von Wandel und Modernisierung beitragen können. 3. wird veranschaulicht, dass in öffentlichen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Administrationen typische Umgehensweisen mit Angst oder Abwehrmechanismen eher rational und instrumentell sind als abwehrreflektierend und -reduzierend. Entgegen dieser Praxis wird 4. eine Praxis der "Entwicklungsarbeit" vorgeschlagen, die zurückliegende Erfahrungen, die sowohl hinderlich als auch förderlich für das Bewältigen von Wandlungsprozessen sein können bewusstzumachen hilft. Abschließend wird 5. kurz skizziert, in welcher Weise die jeweiligen ökonomischen, politischen und kulturellen Kontexte sich auf Intensität und Ausmaß von Abwehrmechanismen auswirken. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0303261 ; The article presents a psychoanalytic and cultural perspective on the modernization of the welfare state in a Danish context. The article analyzes the processes of change and development in public welfare organizations through theoretical and empirical perspectives. The first statement argues, that development and change related to modernization cause anxiety, defensiveness, and ambivalence. The second statement shows how an analysis of transference provides significant insight into organizational and human dynamics, thereby refining our understanding of change and modernization. The third statement posits that in the setting of public welfare administration, the typical response to ...

In diesem Beitrag wird eine psychoanalytische und kulturwissenschaftliche Betrachtung der Modernisierung des dänischen Wohlfahrtsstaats geleistet. Hierzu werden Wandlungsprozesse in öffentlichen Wohlfahrtsinstitutionen sowohl theoretisch erörtert als auch an empirischen Beispielen veranschaulicht: 1. wird diskutiert, dass Wandlungsprozesse infolge von Modernisierung Angst, Abwehr und Ambivalenz verursachen. Danach wird 2. gezeigt, wie mittels der Analyse von (Gegen-) Übertragungsreaktionen signifikante Einsichten in individuelle und organisatorische Dynamiken eröffnet werden, die zu einer Reformulierung des Verständnisses von Wandel und Modernisierung beitragen können. 3. wird veranschaulicht, dass in öffentlichen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Administrationen typische Umgehensweisen mit Angst oder Abwehrmechanismen eher rational und instrumentell sind als abwehrreflektierend und -reduzierend. Entgegen dieser Praxis wird 4. eine Praxis der "Entwicklungsarbeit" vorgeschlagen, die zurückliegende Erfahrungen, die sowohl hinderlich als auch förderlich für das Bewältigen von Wandlungsprozessen sein können bewusstzumachen hilft. Abschließend wird 5. kurz skizziert, in welcher Weise die jeweiligen ökonomischen, politischen und kulturellen Kontexte sich auf Intensität und Ausmaß von Abwehrmechanismen auswirken.

When looking at definitions and understandings of the social and solidarity economy, one issue stands out as particularly significant. The issue of how it links to organizational (micro and meso level dimensions) and societal specificities. Whereas social enterprise also in the EMES ideal typical version (Borzaga & Defourny, 2001) is only indirectly linked to a Polanyian framework (Gardin, 2006), the notion of solidarity economy can hardly be understood at an elaborate level without reference to the Polanyian framework of plurality. Accordingly, in this paper we will first highlight the difference between adopting a social economy and a solidarity economy approach to social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. Within the framework of a social economy perspective, social enterprise is first defined through a set of organizational criteria leaving the relation to the broader and deeper issues of economy and democracy open. As a contrast to this, solidar-ity economy links the organizational dimension of a particular social enterprise to the broader political and economic framework of the particular society (Laville, 2010: 230 ff.). Secondly, we will present and discuss two specific social enterprises that both re-flects the diversity of social enterprise and social entrepreneurial initiatives in a Danish welfare context and provide important insights for developing theories on solidarity economy. The two initiatives differ in shape, space/geography and organizational struc-ture but are important examples of pluralism in a Danish welfare context (Andersen, 2015). Roskilde Festival and Skovgård Hotel share a number of features that place them as interesting agents of solidarity economy. They both display a differentiated activity portfolio of business; public and civil character and they display a differentiated profile of reciprocity, redistribution and democracy that place them as influential in local, regional and national/international contexts. Finally, in the concluding section we discuss how an analysis based upon solidari-ty economy differ from one based solely upon a social economy perspective, and second-ly some future perspectives for the continued evolution of the Danish/Scandinavian wel-fare model.

Artiklen giver et overblik over socialt entreprenørskab (SE) på dansk grund ved at trække tråde til en dansk tradition for sociale udviklingsprocesser og ved at se på, hvordan den aktuelle diskurs er påvirket af internationale strømninger. Artiklen etablerer en analytisk ramme, som dels diskuterer en dansk tradition for social udvikling, demokrati og (velfærds) deltagelse, der baner vejen for en distinkt udgave af SE på dansk grund, og dels illustrerer, hvordan begrebet fra slutningen af 1990erne importeres både fra amerikansk forskning i den tredje sektor og frivillighed og fra europæisk forskning i socialøkonomi. Artiklen præsenterer og diskuterer en række konkrete platforme og initiativer til fremme af socialt entreprenørskab og socialøkonomisk virksomhed i Danmark. Det illustreres, hvordan begrebet etableres og udvikles som et "contested" begreb, hvor forskellige aktører kæmper om definitionsret, strategi og implikationer. Hovedsigtet er her at optegne diskussionerne eksemplificeret gennem de observerbare termer: socialøkonomiske virksomheder, socialt iværksætteri, sociale opfindelser og socialt entreprenørskab – som alle er en del af den danske offentlighed – og det diskuteres, hvordan begrebet/fænomenet på dansk grund udfordres af den internationale scene: eksempelvis det europæiske forskningsnetværk EMES versus en amerikansk definition og tradition. Afslutningsvist diskuteres de potentialer, som begrebet favner: schools of democracy, deliberativt demokrati, bottom up, socialt entreprenørskab som potente lærings- og arbejdsmarkeds- og empowermentstrategier.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Lars Hulgård and Linda Lundgaard Andersen: Social Entrepreneurship: Roll Back of Welfare or Arenas for Social Solidarity?

This article presents a state of the art review on social entrepreneurship in Denmark. Social entrepreneurship in Denmark is introduced by referring to classical approaches to entrepreneurship and innovation and then analyzed in the light of a specific Danish tradition for social development and local participation in welfare production. A recent wave of social entrepreneurship in Denmark is closely related to two distinct movements: firstly an American tradition of volunteerism linked to managerial skills and procedures adopted from private enterprises, and secondly a European tradition of social economy. The article presents some of the most recent programs and initiatives of social entrepreneurship that have entered Danish policy and practice; these have created arenas for new and hybrid types of social service provision. Finally social entrepreneurship is discussed as a contested concept that caters to different strategies for welfare, democracy, learning and advocacy.

Key words: Social entrepreneurship, social enterprises, social innovation, social developments.

1. Social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the Nordics : narratives emerging from social movements and welfare dynamics / Linda Lundgaard Andersen, Malin Gawell, and Roger Spear -- 2. Social entrepreneurship : demolition of the welfare state or an arena for solidarity? / Linda Lundgaard Andersen and Lars Hulgaard -- 3. Social entrepreneurship and social enterprises : chameleons through times and values / Malin Gawell -- 4. Evolution of the social enterprise concept in Finland / Harri Kostilainen and Pekka Pottiniemi -- 5. Social enterprise as a contested terrain for definitions and practice : the case of Norway / Hans Abraham Hauge and Tora Mathea Wasvik -- 6. Practicing entrepreneuring and citizenship : social venturing as a learning context for university students / Bengt Johannisson -- 7. Employees as social intrapreneurs : active employee participation in social innovation / Catharina Juul Kristensen -- 8. The added value of social entrepreneurship in contemporary social design in Norway / Brita Fladvad Nielsen and Jonas Asheim -- 9. Social entrepreneurship : between Odysseus' scar and Abraham's sacrifice / Daniel Ericsson -- 10. Social entrepreneurship as collaborative processes in rural Sweden / Yvonne von Friedrichs and Anders Lundstrom -- 11. Microfinance as a case study of social entrepreneurship in Norway / Unni Beate Sekkesoeter -- 12. Social change through temporary short-term interventions : the role of legitimacy in organizing social innovation / Anders Edvik and Fredrik Bjork -- 13. Entrepreneurship invited into the (social) welfare arena / Malin Gawell, Elisabeth Sundin, and Malin Tillmar -- 14. Narratives of social enterprises : its construction, contradictions and implications in the Swedish debate / Ulrika Levander -- 15. Democratic innovations : exploring synergies between three key post-NPM concepts in public sector reforms / Victor Pestoff.

There is increasing awareness among practitioners, scientists and policymakers around the world about how the future's welfare needs should be resolved. Many point out that better resource-sharing across sectors and areas of expertise is needed1. Many people find that the public sector has distanced itself from the inhabitants, and therefore we need to strengthen society's democratic values. Stronger democratic links require that we, to a greater extent than what has been usual, view the municipality as a place – not an organization. New solutions must be developed based on the widest possible perception of a common "we" at each place. This handbook goes through some important principles and tips for action for a common route for people from different sectors, industries, voluntary organizations, users of welfare services, and others.