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¿Por qué reescribir parte de la historia de la América hispana desde la perspectiva del traductor? [1] Porque resulta sorprendente observar que la traducción es omnipresente en el trabajo del historiador, y sin embargo éste nunca le ha otorgado el lugar que se merece como disciplina de apoyo. López Alcalá (2001) nos explica el doble vínculo que une la historiografía y la traducción. En primer lugar, la Historia no puede existir sin los textos, los cuales en su gran mayoría están escritos en lenguas extranjeras para la mayoría de los lectores de hoy. La Historia depende por lo tanto de la traducción, pero la traducción no figura entre las "ciencias auxiliares" de la Historia. Por otra parte, conviene observar igualmente que la Historia ejerce su influencia en el traductor, sujeto histórico que escribe para otros sujetos históricos. Los traductores forman parte del proyecto histórico de su nación, cultura o religión, y por consiguiente reflejan en sus traducciones algún aspecto de este proyecto, una visión propia del pasado, la cual resulta, por demás, determinante para concebir el presente y el futuro. De esta manera, la traducción se convierte en un instrumento -muy eficaz- al servicio de un proyecto histórico. Veremos a continuación cómo la traducción ha servido proyectos ideológicos, culturales y otros a lo largo de cinco siglos.

This entry encapsulates the translation tradition at the continental level. It first delimits its scope by discussing the various names used to describe the region and its peoples, depending on the adopted approach: geographical, political or historical. It then clarifies the designation of the inhabitants and the chronology to be used to tackle the problem and adapt it to translating activities in the region. The history of translation in Latin America is generally considered to begin with the encounter between the indigenous peoples and the Europeans. We believe it did not begin in 1492. Indigenous peoples did not all speak the same language. They had certainly established contacts among themselves and those exchanges required specific modes of translation. The entry concludes by arguing that the most appropriate approach to the subject matter is to examine the agents of translation on the continent since this translation tradition originated with individuals and collective agents in specific locales. It acknowledges previous studies whose aim it is to comprehensively examine Latin American translation. This contribution adopts an adjusted classification of the five main periods of the continent's history. The first period addresses the reality of the continent before the encounter with the Europeans and some of its modes of expression. The second period comprises the Encounter in 1492 until the fall of the Inca Empire in the mid-16th century, a period of intense translation activity, mainly interpreting. The third period, much longer than the earlier ones, is that of colonization, occurring sometime between the mid-16th century and the end of the 18th century. It considers the active role translation played in the evangelizing work of the Spanish and Portuguese missionaries. Special attention is given to the very first chroniclers and writers. The fourth period—from emancipation until the mid-19th century—introduces the agents who, through the translation of political and philosophical documents, brought ...

Translation has contributed to numerous cultural and identity issues in the history of Venezuela. In this entry, we will explore the Venezuelan cultural and historical heritage related to the activity of translation, from the first human settlements in Venezuela to the present day. We will opt for an approach that considers historical documents and events from the perspective of Translation and Interpreting Studies (TIS). In this regard, this work will shed light on the phenomenon of translation as well as on the agents involved in the translation process who played an important role in the history of Venezuela. In addition, the main trends in Venezuelan translation practice (appropriation, adaptation, transcreation, and intervention) will be studied. Five main periods will be considered in this entry: First, the pre-Columbian era in Venezuela, a long period covering the evolution of the first human settlements in that country. Second, the encounter between the indigenous peoples and the Spaniards (1492–1533), a period characterized by significant interpretation activity. Third, colonization (from the second half of the 16th century to the first half of the 18th century), a period characterized by relatively stable and organized translation activity. Fourth, emancipation (from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century). Political translations and the role of the press will both come under scrutiny. Finally, the Republic (from the second half of the 19th century to the present).