Since the 1990s, a close relationship has been established between domestic environmental policies and trade policies, and has rapidly given rise to a debate on trade and environment. A key aspect of this debate is related to the impact of environmental regulations' stringency differences between countries on the international competitiveness and location of firms. This issue has been largely studied in literature and is known as the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. However, it has not yet been explicitly proven. A second major issue related to the debate on trade and environment, however neglected in literature, is the effect of these differentiated regulations on pollution levels. In this thesis, organized into four chapters, both issues are investigated. In the first chapter, countries' environmental policies are examined with accuracy, their heterogeneity constituting the foundation of the pollution haven hypothesis. The second chapter develops a theoretical model highlighting the impact of environmental regulation on firms' location decisions. In the third chapter, this theoretical model is tested, and results show a significant effect of environmental policies on the location decisions of French firms. Finally, the last chapter empirically assesses the impact of the different mechanisms at play on pollution emissions. It appears that an increase of foreign direct investment increases pollution emissions in host countries but is consistent with a reduction of pollution intensity. ; À partir des années quatre-vingt-dix, une relation étroite est établie entre les politiques nationales environnementales et les politiques commerciales, et débouche rapidement sur un débat international portant sur le commerce et l'environnement. Un des aspects fondamentaux de ce débat est lié à l'impact des différences de rigueur environnementale entre les pays sur la compétitivité et la localisation des firmes. Cet aspect a déjà été amplement étudié et porte le nom d'Hypothèse de Pollution Haven, mais n'a pas encore été explicitement démontré. Un second aspect, moins examiné dans la littérature, est celui de l'effet de ces différences réglementaires sur les niveaux de pollution. Dans cette thèse, qui s'articule autour de quatre chapitres, ces deux aspects sont étudiés. Le premier chapitre dresse une image précise des politiques environnementales à travers le monde, leur hétérogénéité constituant le fondement de l'hypothèse de pollution haven. Le deuxième chapitre propose une modélisation théorique mettant en évidence l'impact de la régulation environnementale sur le choix de localisation des firmes. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur l'estimation empirique du modèle théorique développé, et fait ressortir un effet significatif des politiques environnementales sur les décisions de localisation des firmes françaises. Le dernier chapitre présente une évaluation empirique de l'impact des différents mécanismes en jeu sur les émissions de pollution. Il apparaît alors qu'une augmentation des investissements directs à l'étranger s'accompagne dans les pays hôtes d'une augmentation des émissions polluantes et d'une diminution de l'intensité polluante.
Since the 1990s, a close relationship has been established between domestic environmental policies and trade policies, and has rapidly given rise to a debate on trade and environment. A key aspect of this debate is related to the impact of environmental regulations' stringency differences between countries on the international competitiveness and location of firms. This issue has been largely studied in literature and is known as the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. However, it has not yet been explicitly proven. A second major issue related to the debate on trade and environment, however neglected in literature, is the effect of these differentiated regulations on pollution levels. In this thesis, organized into four chapters, both issues are investigated. In the first chapter, countries' environmental policies are examined with accuracy, their heterogeneity constituting the foundation of the pollution haven hypothesis. The second chapter develops a theoretical model highlighting the impact of environmental regulation on firms' location decisions. In the third chapter, this theoretical model is tested, and results show a significant effect of environmental policies on the location decisions of French firms. Finally, the last chapter empirically assesses the impact of the different mechanisms at play on pollution emissions. It appears that an increase of foreign direct investment increases pollution emissions in host countries but is consistent with a reduction of pollution intensity. ; À partir des années quatre-vingt-dix, une relation étroite est établie entre les politiques nationales environnementales et les politiques commerciales, et débouche rapidement sur un débat international portant sur le commerce et l'environnement. Un des aspects fondamentaux de ce débat est lié à l'impact des différences de rigueur environnementale entre les pays sur la compétitivité et la localisation des firmes. Cet aspect a déjà été amplement étudié et porte le nom d'Hypothèse de Pollution Haven, mais n'a pas encore été ...
International audience ; In this study, we reexamine the pollution haven hypothesis by a fresh take on both its theoretical and empirical aspects. The originality of our work is twofold. First, we apply an economic geography model with the aim of deriving a rigorous specification for the impact of environmental regulation on firms' location choice. Second, we test a conditional logit model using French firm-level data in an international comparative study. We confirm evidence of a strong pollution haven effect for our pooled sample of countries receiving French direct investments. However, through a sensitivity analysis, we validate this finding for developed countries and most of emerging economies and Central and Eastern European countries, but not for most Commonwealth of Independent States and developing countries, where a more stringent environmental regulation seems to attract investments. Furthermore, we highlight a forward looking behavior of firms, in terms of when deciding to locate in a country.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified ARas mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIAWorld Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:1049-62.)