Electrochemical cells based on acid salts (CsH2PO4) have attracted great interest for intermediate temperature, due to the outstanding proton conductivity of acid salts. In this work, electrodes and electrolyte were optimized following different strategies. An epoxy resin was added to the CsH2PO4 material to enhance the mechanical properties of the electrolyte, achieving good con-ductivity, enhanced stability, and cyclability. The electrodes configuration was modified, and Ni sponge was selected as active support. The infiltration of different oxide nanoparticles was carried out to tailor the electrodes resistance by promoting the electrocatalyst activity of electrodes. The selection of a cell supported on the electrode and the addition of an epoxy resin enables the reduction of the electrolyte thickness without damaging the mechanical stability of the thinner electrolyte. ; Funding fromSpanish Government (MINECO ENE2014-57651 grant) is kindly acknowledged
This paper explored gender determined roles and their impact to under-five mortality in the study area. A cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from 160 agro-pastoralist households using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected in August, 2016 in Handeni District, Tanzania mainly through a questionnaire-based survey. Descriptive statistics showed households prevalence of under-five mortality 12 months prior to the survey for Kibaya, Msomera, Malezi and Kilimilang'ombe villages to be 24.6%, 24.6%, 31.6% and 19.2%, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that timely household decision, control of household income and equal involvement of household members in the subsistence farming had significant influence on reduction of household under-five mortality. The influence was at β = -0.071, p = 0.000, odd ratio = 0.931, β = -1.828, p = 0.032, odd ratio = 0.674 and β = -1.013, p = 0.022, odd ration = 0.362 respectively. The study findings indicate that women involvement in household decision making and use of household income contribute to the reduction of under-five mortality. It is also the same when subsistence farming is considered as a role for all household members rather than considering it as a women's role alone. Government, non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders should create awareness campaigns in form of seminars and workshops on gender equality in agro-pastoralist communities. This paper recommends further studies to explore roles of culture on household power dynamics and their implication to under-five mortality.
Background: Occupational solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a skin cancer risk factor. Outdoor workers have long exposure hours and are in need of photoprotection against solar UVR, a Group 1-defined carcinogen. In South Africa, skin cancers account for one third of all histologically-diagnosed cancers. Physiological presentation of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) is most common on the head in all population groups. It is expected that occupational exposure plays a role in NMSC aetiology in South Africa, although such data are presently lacking. Recognising solar UVR-inflicted skin cancer as an occupational disease occurs in some countries. We consider the experience of other countries in including NMSC as an occupational disease to draw on lessons learnt, and consider a similar approach for South Africa. Methods: We sourced articles in English on NMSC as an occupational disease. We also sent an open-ended e-mail information request to nine international academic experts from different developed countries. Data on background, legislation, reporting, notification and occupational sectors of concern were analysed. Results: Several countries, e.g. Denmark, include NMSC as an occupational disease. Despite this, under-reporting is still significant. Agriculture, construction and public service sectors report most commonly, compared to other sectors. National awareness campaigns, careful legal management and improved health care services for patients are key. Conclusions: Outdoor workers run an increased risk of developing NMSC. For South Africa to register NMSC as a reportable occupational disease, significant efforts relating to local epidemiology, exposure assessment, legal and insurance management, and policy-making, need to be considered
Background: Occupational solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a skin cancer risk factor. Outdoor workers have long exposure hours and are in need of photoprotection against solar UVR, a Group 1-defined carcinogen. In South Africa, skin cancers account for one third of all histologically-diagnosed cancers. Physiological presentation of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) is most common on the head in all population groups. It is expected that occupational exposure plays a role in NMSC aetiology in South Africa, although such data are presently lacking. Recognising solar UVR-inflicted skin cancer as an occupational disease occurs in some countries. We consider the experience of other countries in including NMSC as an occupational disease to draw on lessons learnt, and consider a similar approach for South Africa. Methods: We sourced articles in English on NMSC as an occupational disease. We also sent an open-ended e-mail information request to nine international academic experts from different developed countries. Data on background, legislation, reporting, notification and occupational sectors of concern were analysed. Results: Several countries, e.g. Denmark, include NMSC as an occupational disease. Despite this, under-reporting is still significant. Agriculture, construction and public service sectors report most commonly, compared to other sectors. National awareness campaigns, careful legal management and improved health care services for patients are key. Conclusions: Outdoor workers run an increased risk of developing NMSC. For South Africa to register NMSC as a reportable occupational disease, significant efforts relating to local epidemiology, exposure assessment, legal and insurance management, and policy-making, need to be considered
Bulk ionic and electronic transport properties and the rate of oxygen surface exchange of Tb-doped ceria have been evaluated as a function of Tb concentration, aiming to assess the potential use of the materials as high-temperature oxygen-transport membranes and oxygen reduction catalysts. The materials were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Cobalt oxide (2 mol%) was added in order to improve sinterability and conductivity. The materials were studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperatureprogrammed desorption (TPD), thermogravimetry (TG), DC-conductivity and UV-vis spectrophotometry. The results indicate that the extent of mixed ionic electronic conductivity is a function of temperature and can be tuned by modifying the Tb- (and Co-doping) concentration. Low Tb-content materials (x ¿ 0.1 and 0.2) are predominant ionic conductors, but the materials with 50 mol% Tb show both p-type electronic and ionic conductivity. The enhanced electronic conduction in Ce0.5Tb0.5O2 d is associated with narrowing of the band gap upon doping ceria with Tb. In addition, the surface chemistry of the samples was investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and pulse isotopic exchange (PIE). The surface exchange rate is found to increase on increasing the level of Tb doping. The highest surface exchange rates in this study are found for materials doped with 50 mol% Tb. ; Funding from the Spanish Government (BES-2009-015835, ENE2011-24761 and SEV-2012-0267 grants) and Helmholtz Association (MEM-BRAIN Portfolio) is kindly acknowledged. ; Balaguer Ramírez, M.; Yoo, C.; Bouwmeester, H.; Serra Alfaro, JM. (2013). Bulk transport and oxygen surface exchange of the mixed ionic-electronic conductor Ce1 xTbxO2-d (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.5). Journal of Materials Chemistry. 1(35):10234-10242. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta11610g ; S ; 10234 ; 10242 ; 1 ; 35 ; Toftegaard, M. B., Brix, J., Jensen, P. A., Glarborg, P., & Jensen, A. D. (2010). Oxy-fuel combustion of solid fuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, ...
Introduction: extremity tourniquet (TQ) use has increased in the civilian setting; the beneficial results observed in the military has influenced acceptance by EMS and bystanders. This review aimed to analyze extremity TQ types used in the civilian setting, injury site, indications, and complications. Methods: a systematic review was conducted based on original articles published in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane following PRISMA guidelines from 2010 to 2019. Data extraction focused on extremity TQ use for hemorrhage control in the civilian setting, demographic data, study type and duration, mechanism of injury, indications for use, injury site, TQ type, TQ time, and complications. Results: of the 1384 articles identified, 14 were selected for review with a total of 3912 civilian victims with extremity hemorrhage and 3522 extremity TQ placements analyzed. The majority of TQs were applied to male (79%) patients, with blunt or penetrating trauma. Among the indications for TQ use were hemorrhagic shock, suspicion of vascular injuries, continued bleeding, and partial or complete traumatic amputations. Upper extremity application was the most common TQ application site (56%), nearly all applied to a single extremity (99%), and only 0, 6% required both upper and lower extremity applications. 80% of the applied TQs were commercial devices, and 20% improvised. Conclusions: TQ use in the civilian setting is associated with trauma-related injuries. Most are single-site TQs applied for the most part to male adults with upper extremity injury. Commercial TQs are more commonly employed, time in an urban setting is under 1 hour, with few complications described. Introdução: o uso de torniquete em extremidades (TQ) aumentou no ambiente civil; os resultados benéficos observados nas forças armadas influenciaram a aceitação por equipes de pré-hospitalar (PH) assim como pela população leiga. Esta revisão teve como objetivo analisar os tipos de TQ de extremidades usados em ambiente civil, local da lesão, indicações e complicações. Métodos: revisão sistemática foi conduzida com base em artigos originais publicados no PubMed, Embase e Cochrane seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA de 2010 a 2019. Extração de dados focada no uso de TQ de extremidade para controle de hemorragia em ambiente civil, dados demográficos, tipo de estudo e duração, mecanismo de lesão, indicações de uso, local da lesão, tipo de TQ, tempo de TQ e complicações. Resultados: dos 1.384 artigos identificados, 14 foram selecionados para revisão com total de 3.912 vítimas civis com hemorragia nas extremidades e 3.522 colocações de extremidades TQ analisadas. A maioria foi aplicado em pacientes do sexo masculino (79%), com trauma contuso ou penetrante. Entre as indicações estavam choque hemorrágico, suspeita de lesões vasculares, sangramento contínuo e amputações traumáticas parciais ou completas. A aplicação na extremidade superior foi o local de aplicação mais comum (56%), quase todos aplicados a uma única extremidade (99%), e apenas 0, 6% requereram aplicações nas extremidades superior e inferior. 80% dos TQs aplicados eram dispositivos comerciais e 20% improvisados. Conclusões: o uso de TQ em ambientes civis está associado a traumas. Os TQs comerciais são mais utilizados, com tempo menor que uma hora de uso e poucas complicações.
The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the addition of Cu on the microstructure and on the microhardness of a laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)-fabricated AlSi10MgCu alloy. With this goal, AlSi10Mg+4 wt%Cu pre-alloyed powder was produced by gas atomization. Following a parameter optimization study, dense as-built specimens with a high relative density of 99.8% were fabricated. An outstanding microhardness value, exceeding 180 HV, was obtained after aging at 160 °C for 16 h. This value is similar to that of the high strength Al 7075 in the T6 condition. With the aid of analytical transmission electron microscopy, it was concluded that the origin of the observed excellent mechanical behavior could be attributed to the beneficial effect of Cu in reducing the Al-matrix cell size, and in increasing the density and decreasing the size of the Si-based nanoprecipitates at cell interiors. More specifically, it is proposed that the maximum hardness is associated to the development of Cu-rich GP-I zones, which act as precursors of Si nanoprecipitates. Overaging leads to a reduction in microhardness due to transformation of these GP-I zones into coarser θ'' precipitates and thus to a smaller volume fraction of larger Si-based nanoparticles. ; This work was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Clean Sky 2 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 755610, project AlForAMA. The authors acknowledge the support from the topic manager, Leonardo Aircraft. CYW acknowledges the financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China (grant number 3102019QD0415). MTPP would like to acknowledge funding from the Madrid region under the program S2018/NMT-4381-MAT4.0-CM.
Measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is important for the assessment of potential beneficial and adverse impacts on the biosphere, plants, animals, and humans. Excess solar UVR exposure in humans is associated with skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. Several factors influence solar UVR at the Earth's surface, such as latitude and cloud cover. Given the potential risks from solar UVR there is a need to measure solar UVR at different locations using effective instrumentation. Various instruments are available to measure solar UVR, but some are expensive and others are not portable, both restrictive variables for exposure assessments. Here, we compared solar UVR sensors commercialized at low or moderate cost to assess their performance and quality of measurements against a high-grade Bentham spectrometer. The inter-comparison campaign took place between March 2018 and February 2019 at Saint-Denis, La Réunion. Instruments evaluated included a Kipp&Zonen UVS-E-T radiometer, a Solar Light UV-Biometer, a SGLux UV-Cosine radiometer, and a Davis radiometer. Cloud fraction was considered using a SkyCamVision all-sky camera and the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible radiative transfer model was used to model clear-sky conditions. Overall, there was good reliability between the instruments over time, except for the Davis radiometer, which showed dependence on solar zenith angle. The Solar Light UV-Biometer and the Kipp&Zonen radiometer gave satisfactory results, while the low-cost SGLux radiometer performed better in clear sky conditions. Future studies should investigate temporal drift and stability over time. ; This research was funded jointly by the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) and the NRF (National Research Foundation) in the framework of the LIA ARSAIO and by the South Africa/France PROTEA Program (project No 42470VA). UV-Indien program is funded by European Union through the PO INTERREG V, by the Reunion Island Council and by the French Government. OPAR station (Observatoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère de La Réunion), and the OSU-R activities are funded by Université de La Réunion and CNRS.
Проводиться аналіз і узагальнення досвіду використання способів дій військових підрозділів при блокуванні місцевим населенням маршрутів руху та прийомів їх деблокування (розсіювання натовпу) в умовах збройного конфлікту і застосування при цьому сили з урахуванням норм міжнародного гуманітарного права. ; Проводится анализ и обобщение опыта использования способов действий военными подразделениями при блокировании местным населением маршрутов движения и приемов их деблокирования (рассеивания толпы) в условиях вооруженного конфликта и применения при этом силы с учетом норм международного гуманитарного права. ; The analysis and generalization of experience of use of means of action by military units while blocking the local population of routes and methods of releasing and scattering the crowd) in the context of the armed conflict and the application of the force subject to the rules of international humanitarian law.
The results leading to this publication have received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 777394 for the project AIMS-2-TRIALS. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA and AUTISM SPEAKS, Autistica, SFARI. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. Any views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the funders.
In 1985 the French government created a unique circuit for the dissemination of doctoral theses: References went to a national database "Téléthèses" whereas the documents were distributed to the university libraries in microform. In the era of the electronic document this French network of deposit of and access to doctoral theses is changing. How do you discover and locate a French thesis today, how do you get hold of a paper copy and how do you access the full electronic text? What are the catalogues and databases referencing theses since the disappearance of "Téléthèses"? Where are the archives, and are they open? What is the legal environment that rules the emerging structures and tools? This paper presents national plans on referencing and archiving doctoral theses coordinated by the government as well as some initiatives for creating full text archives. These initiatives come from universities as well as from research institutions and learned societies. "Téléthèses" records have been integrated in a union catalogue of French university libraries SUDOC. University of Lyon-2 and INSA Lyon developed procedures and tools covering the entire production chain from writing to the final access in an archive: "Cyberthèses" and "Cither". The CNRS Centre for Direct Scientific Communication at Lyon (CCSD) maintains an archive ("TEL") with about 2000 theses in all disciplines. Another repository for theses in engineering, economics and management called "Pastel" is proposed by the Paris Institute of Technology (ParisTech), a consortium of 10 engineering and commercial schools of the Paris region.