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This essay –written in memory ofthe French writer, on the fiftieth anniversary of his death– pretends to link, through the artistic creation, two important men, who born with little difference in years, took part in the conflicts of their time, taking that involvement to the greatest danger, although from differenttraditions and circumstances.These as well asthe others had much impact on the reading and film adaptation of a novel with which Luchino Visconti pretended to immerse the human destiny of Camus's anti-hero in the political background of the Algerian war. ; Este ensayo –escrito en memoria del escritor francés al cumplirse cincuenta años de su muerte– aspira a ligar a través de la creación artística dos hombres fundamentales que, venidos al mundo con escasa diferencia de años, intervinieron en los conflictos de su tiempo, llevando esa participación hasta el mayor de los peligros, aunque desde tradiciones y circunstancias significativamente distintas. Unas y otras tuvieron mucha incidencia en la lectura y adaptación cinematográfica de una novela con la que Luchino Visconti se propuso sumergir el destino humano del antihéroe camusiano en el trasfondo político de la guerra de Argelia.

Este ensayo –escrito en memoria del escritor francés al cumplirse cincuenta años de su muerte– aspira a ligar a través de la creación artística dos hombres fundamentales que, venidos al mundo con escasa diferencia de años, intervinieron en los conflictos de su tiempo, llevando esa participación hasta el mayor de los peligros, aunque desde tradiciones y circunstancias significativamente distintas. Unas y otras tuvieron mucha incidencia en la lectura y adaptación cinematográfica de una novela con la que Luchino Visconti se propuso sumergir el destino humano del antihéroe camusiano en el trasfondo político de la guerra de Argelia. ; This essay –written in memory ofthe French writer, on the fiftieth anniversary of his death– pretends to link, through the artistic creation, two important men, who born with little difference in years, took part in the conflicts of their time, taking that involvement to the greatest danger, although from differenttraditions and circumstances.These as well asthe others had much impact on the reading and film adaptation of a novel with which Luchino Visconti pretended to immerse the human destiny of Camus's anti-hero in the political background of the Algerian war.

Este ensayo –escrito en memoria del escritor francés al cumplirse cincuenta años de su muerte– aspira a ligar a través de la creación artística dos hombres fundamentales que, venidos al mundo con escasa diferencia de años, intervinieron en los conflictos de su tiempo, llevando esa participación hasta el mayor de los peligros, aunque desde tradiciones y circunstancias significativamente distintas. Unas y otras tuvieron mucha incidencia en la lectura y adaptación cinematográfica de una novela con la que Luchino Visconti se propuso sumergir el destino humano del antihéroe camusiano en el trasfondo político de la guerra de Argelia. ; This essay –written in memory ofthe French writer, on the fiftieth anniversary of his death– pretends to link, through the artistic creation, two important men, who born with little difference in years, took part in the conflicts of their time, taking that involvement to the greatest danger, although from differenttraditions and circumstances.These as well asthe others had much impact on the reading and film adaptation of a novel with which Luchino Visconti pretended to immerse the human destiny of Camus's anti-hero in the political background of the Algerian war.

When speaking colloquially of political participation or civic action, one thinks, in the first instance, of groups and organizations such as political parties, social movements or various types of voluntary associations. The perspective of individuals is not the first thing that comes to mind when seeking to understand their functioning. In contrast to this vision, understanding the dynamics of participation requires taking a closer look at the individual, that is, at his or her moral dispositions and projects, his or her multiple and simultaneous identities, the breaking points in his or her biographical trajectory, the roles he or she adopts in an organization or the styles of communication which he or she uses. The book comprises a variety of case studies and theoretical and methodological contributions that, independent of rational choice theories, seek to understand collective action at the level of the individual and, in doing so, to articulate the various fields of study in this regard with the singularity of biographies and the reflective personal identities that characterize contemporary individualism.

The text translated as the 'Treatise on Rights' (Risalat al-huqūq) was written by the fourth Imam in Shiʻi Islam, Zayn al-'Abidin (659-713). The translation is both correct and vague, because huqūq does transmit the sense of 'rights', but it is only one among multiple meanings. The purpose of this essay is to make a contribution to the understanding of the term haqq, the plural of which is huqūq, by referencing a text of early Islam and considering the plurality and superposition of its semantic levels with the purpose of stimulating potential exercises of comparative political and legal theory. As a result, eight different but interconnected levels of meaning can be identified comprising ethical-religious, legal and ontological dimensions. ; El texto traducido como el 'Tratado de los derechos' (Risalat al-huqūq) fue escrito por el cuarto imam chiita, Zayn al-'Abidin (659-713). La traducción es, a la vez, acertada e imprecisa, pues huqūq incluye el sentido de 'derechos' pero no se reduce, en absoluto, a él. El propósito de este ensayo es hacer una contribución al entendimiento del término haqq, cuyo plural es huqūq, apelando a un texto del islam temprano y considerando la pluralidad y superposición de sus niveles semánticos, con miras a nutrir potenciales ejercicios de teoría política y jurídica comparada. Como resultado pueden identificarse 8 niveles de sentido diferentes, pero interconectados, que comprenden dimensiones ético-religiosas, jurídicas y ontológicas. ; O texto traduzido como o "Tratado dos direitos" ( Risalat al-huqūq) foi escrito pelo quarto imam shiita Zayn al-'Abidin (659-713. A tradução é, ao mesmo tempo, adequada e imprecisa, pois huqūq inclui o sentido de 'direitos', porém não se reduz a esse. O propósito deste ensaio é, portanto, contribuir ao entendimento do termo haqq, cujo plural é huqūq, com base num texto do islã antigo e considerando a pluralidade e a superposição dos seus níveis semánticos, no intuito de alimentar potenciais exercícios de teoria política e jurídica comparadas. Como ...

The contingency of social and political phenomena has been addressed by various contemporary theories. The topic circulates in historical sociology, Luhmann's system theory, historical institutionalism, counterfactual history, or post-Marxism, associated, among others, to the disruptive and abrupt character of certain historical processes, the cross points of initially independent causal series, the inconsistency of all order, the coexistence of possible worlds or the electivity associated with the agency. As part of that constellation, and along with a case study, the sociologist Charles Kurzman speaks of the "anti-explanation". The purpose of such is not just to question, on that basis, any predictive haste of the social sciences, but the very possibility of causally analyzing contingent phenomena such as revolutions and social movements. The text seeks to develop a counterargument to this thesis, moving along the epistemological and historical-social double plane in which Kurzman operates and showing, at the same time, its filiation and resonance with post-Marxist positions. With the purpose of integrating the contingency with the explanation of the type of phenomena mentioned, concepts such as downward causation, catalysts, complex loops, and causal mechanisms are used. ; La contingencia de los fenómenos sociales y políticos ha sido abordada por diversas teorías contemporáneas. El tema circula en la sociología histórica, la teoría de sistemas de Luhmann, el institucionalismo histórico, la historia contrafáctica o el posmarxismo, asociado, entre otras, al carácter disruptivo y abrupto de ciertos procesos históricos, al cruce de series causales inicialmente independientes, a la inconsistencia de todo orden, a la coexistencia de mundos posibles o a la electividad asociada a la agencia. Como parte de esa constelación, y de la mano de un estudio de caso, el sociólogo Charles Kurzman habla de "anti-explicación". Su propósito no es solo cuestionar, sobre esa base, cualquier afán predictivo de las ciencias sociales, ...

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