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This article identifies the evolution, characteristics, and driving factors in school physical education in China from the analytical framework of historical institutionalism. The research methods and analytical paradigms of historical institutionalism can help to understand the historical changes in school physical education policies, adjust andformulate school physical education policies at present, and shape their development in thefuture.

Based on historical and logical analysis and literature study, this article presents the process of emergence and development of Mao Zedong's sports thought at different historical stages. The value of Mao Zedong's thought of "civilizing the spirit and barbarizing the body" from the historical perspective in the new era of China is also mentioned. Mao's pursuit of "physical and mental integrity" value is revealed, his ambition of awakening national consciousness, uplifting people's fighting spirit, and obtaining national liberation is illustrated.

Research findings on the application of the transtheoretical model (TTM) to physical activity in children and adolescents have been inconsistent, indicating that the relationships between structural elements in the TTM are unclear. We conducted a database search to collect TTM-based
cross-sectional studies and used a meta-analysis to explore the relationships between processes of change (POC), self-efficacy (SEI), decisional balance (DBL), and stages of change in children and adolescents. Meta-analysis results of 16 articles showed that physical activity stage changes
in children and adolescents were associated with POC, SEI, and DBL, and that POC, SEI, and DBL had distinct stage characteristics. Thus, POC, SEI, and DBL differ in the extent to which they play a role in adjacent stage transitions in the physical activity of children and adolescents. We recommend
that stage-matched intervention strategies be developed based on key elements of adjacent stage transitions.