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Although childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been linked to risk for delinquency, research is limited on the potential pathways from CSA to subsequent delinquent outcomes. A total of 160 youth with confirmed CSA histories were interviewed at the time of abuse discovery, when they were 8 to 15 years of age, and again 1 and 6 years later. The findings supported the proposed relations from stigmatization following the abuse (abuse-specific shame and self-blame attributions) and internalizing symptoms to subsequent delinquency through anger and affiliation with deviant peers. This longitudinal research suggests that clinical interventions for victims of CSA must be sensitive to these affective and cognitive processes and how they affect delinquent activity.

Evaluation research on vocational counseling in substance dependency treatment should distinguish between the effects of counselors and counseling methods on clients' employment outcomes. Three experimental designs permit investigation of possible confounds between these types of effects: (a) nested designs (each counselor delivers one counseling method so counselors are nested under methods), (b) crossed designs (each counselor delivers all counseling methods so counselors are crossed with methods), and (c) no-treatment control group designs (experimental group's counselors all deliver the same method). Each design is optimal for one stage of evaluation research. No-treatment control group designs are best for exploratory evaluations of new types of vocational counseling. Nested designs are best for outcome evaluations of different types of interventions. Crossed designs are best for (causal) process evaluations of counseling methods of demonstrated efficacy. Despite the importance of methodological issues and problems, vocational rehabilitation in substance dependency treatment has a greater need for stronger interventions than better evaluation designs.

<p class="Pa7"><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this article is to examine sociodemographic and health be­havior factors associated with dietary intake as measured by the healthy eating index (HEI-2010) for persons with and without diabetes (T2D).</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Design: </strong>A secondary data analysis of three NHANES data cycles spanning 2007-2012. Multiple linear regression assessed racial/ ethnic differences in HEI-2010 scores in those without T2D, with T2D, and with undiagnosed T2D.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Participants: </strong>The sample included non-pregnant adults aged ≥20 years who had two days of reliable dietary recall data.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Outcome Measures: </strong>Total scores for the HEI-2010.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Results: </strong>For those without T2D, there was a significant association between race/ ethnicity and HEI score, with non-Hispanic Blacks achieving significantly lower scores than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Differences in HEI-2010 score were also associated with age, sex, smoking status and time spent in the United States. Racial/ ethnic differences in dietary patterns were present, but not significant in those with undiagnosed or diagnosed T2D.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Racial/ethnic disparities in dietary patterns are present in individuals without T2D, but differences are not statisti­cally significant in those with undiagnosed or diagnosed T2D. Non-Hispanic Blacks without T2D received significantly lower HEI-2010 scores than non-Hispanic Whites. Further research is necessary to deter­mine whether or not similarities in dietary intake across racial/ethnic groups with T2D will be reflected in diabetes-related health outcomes in this population. <em></em></p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(4):529-536; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.529</p>

BACKGROUND: To better understand overdose (OD) risk and develop tailored overdose risk interventions, we surveyed 234 opioid-using veterans residing in New York City, 2014-2017. Our aim was to better understand how predictors of OD may be associated with physical and mental health challenges, including pain severity and interference, depression and suicidal ideation over time. METHODS: Veterans completed monthly assessments of the Overdose Risk Behavior Scale (ORBS), pain severity and interference, suicidal ideation, and depression for up to two years and were assessed an average of 14 times over 611 days. To estimate between-person and within-person associations between time-varying covariates and opioid risk behavior, mixed-effects regression was used on the 145-person subsample of veterans completing the baseline and at least three follow-up assessments. RESULTS: The level of each time-varying covariate at the average of study time (between-person effect) was positively related to ORBS for pain severity and interference, suicidal ideation, and depression. Deviations from individuals' personal trajectories (within-person effect) were positively related to ORBS for pain severity and interference, suicidal ideation, and depression. CONCLUSIONS: US military veterans endure physical and mental health challenges elevating risk for opioid-related overdose. When pain severity, pain interference, suicidal ideation and depression were higher than usual, opioid risk behavior was higher. Conversely, when these health issues were less of a problem than usual, opioid risk behavior was lower. Assessing the physical and mental health of opioid-using veterans over time may support the development and implementation of interventions to reduce behaviors that increase the likelihood of overdose.