Suchergebnisse

[EN] Taking the chemoselective hydrogenation of substituted nitroaromatics as a base case, it will be shown that it is possible to design improved and new catalysts by attacking the problem in a multidisciplinary way. By combining molecular modeling with in situ operando spectroscopy, and with micro-kinetic and isotopic studies, it is possible to determine how and where on the catalysts the reactant molecules interact. Then, materials synthesis methods can be applied to prepare catalysts with the desired surface active sites and their selective interaction with the reactants. ; This work was funded by the Spanish Government (Severo Ochoa program SEV2012-0267). The support of the European Union by (ERC-AdG-2014-671093 – SynCatMatch) is also acknowledged. ; Corma Canós, A. (2016). Heterogeneous catalysis: understanding the fundamentals for catalyst design. Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society. 188:9-20. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00066e ; S ; 9 ; 20 ; 188

[EN] Activation of alkanes can be achieved with different types of catalysts, spanning over enzymes, homogeneous and heterogeneous metal catalysts. Though a tremendous amount of knowledge has been accumulated in the literature, the connections between different types of catalysts are rarely discussed due to the differences among the three catalysis fields in terms of catalyst structures, reaction conditions, and catalytic performances. There are also similarities among the various systems in terms of the structural features of the active sites and reaction mechanisms. In this review, we attempt to show the interconnections among the three catalysis fields regarding the nature of active sites and reaction mechanism for metal-catalyzed alkane activation reactions. We will show the lessons obtained from well-defined enzymatic and molecular catalysts developed in bio- and homogeneous catalysis, and how these can be translated into fundamental understanding and further developments of heterogeneous metal catalysts, for practical applications related to alkane activation. ; We are grateful for the financial supports from the Spanish Government through the "Severo Ochoa Program'' (SEV-2016-SEV-0683). ; Liu, L.; Corma Canós, A. (2021). Isolated metal atoms and clusters for alkane activation: translating knowledge from enzymatic and homogeneous to heterogeneous systems. Chem. 7(9):2347-2384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2021.04.001 ; S ; 2347 ; 2384 ; 7 ; 9

[EN] Based on theoretical calculations of CO, NH3, and pyridine adsorption at different sites in MOR and MFI zeolites, we analyze how confinement effects influence the measurement of acidity based on the interaction of probe molecules with Brönsted acid sites. Weak bases, such as CO, form neutral ZH¿CO adducts with a linear configuration that can be distorted by spatial restrictions associated with the dimensions of the pore, leading to weaker interaction, but can also be stabilized by dispersion forces if a tighter fitting with the channel void is allowed. Strong bases such as NH3 and pyridine are readily protonated on Brönsted acid sites, and the experimentally determined adsorption enthalpies include not only the thermochemistry associated with the proton transfer process itself, but also the stabilization of the Z¿¿BH+ ion pair formed upon protonation by multiple interactions with the surrounding framework oxygen atoms, leading in some cases to a heterogeneity of acidities within the same zeolite structure. ; This work was supported by the European Union through No. ERC-AdG-2014-671093 (SynCatMatch), and by the Spanish Government-MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (No. SEV-2016-0683) and No. MAT2017-82288-C2-1-P projects. Red Espanola de Supercomputacion (RES) and Centre de Calcul de la Universitat de Valencia are gratefully acknowledged for computational resources. ; Boronat Zaragoza, M.; Corma Canós, A. (2019). What Is Measured When Measuring Acidity in Zeolites with Probe Molecules?. ACS Catalysis. 9(2):1539-1548. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b04317 ; S ; 1539 ; 1548 ; 9 ; 2 ; Chen, H.Y. In Urea–SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts; Nova, I., Tronconi, E., Eds. Springer: New York, 2014; pp 123–147. ; Corma, A. (1995). Inorganic Solid Acids and Their Use in Acid-Catalyzed Hydrocarbon Reactions. Chemical Reviews, 95(3), 559-614. doi:10.1021/cr00035a006 ; Corma, A. (1997). From Microporous to Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Materials and Their Use in Catalysis. Chemical Reviews, 97(6), ...

1539 1548 9 2 ; S Boscoboinik, J. A., Yu, X., Yang, B., Fischer, F. D., Włodarczyk, R., Sierka, M., … Freund, H.-J. (2012). Modeling Zeolites with Metal-Supported Two-Dimensional Aluminosilicate Films. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51(24), 6005-6008. doi:10.1002/anie.201201319 Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1996). Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple. Physical Review Letters, 77(18), 3865-3868. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.77.3865 Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1997). Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)]. Physical Review Letters, 78(7), 1396-1396. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.1396 ; [EN] Based on theoretical calculations of CO, NH3, and pyridine adsorption at different sites in MOR and MFI zeolites, we analyze how confinement effects influence the measurement of acidity based on the interaction of probe molecules with Brönsted acid sites. Weak bases, such as CO, form neutral ZH¿CO adducts with a linear configuration that can be distorted by spatial restrictions associated with the dimensions of the pore, leading to weaker interaction, but can also be stabilized by dispersion forces if a tighter fitting with the channel void is allowed. Strong bases such as NH3 and pyridine are readily protonated on Brönsted acid sites, and the experimentally determined adsorption enthalpies include not only the thermochemistry associated with the proton transfer process itself, but also the stabilization of the Z¿¿BH+ ion pair formed upon protonation by multiple interactions with the surrounding framework oxygen atoms, leading in some cases to a heterogeneity of acidities within the same zeolite structure. This work was supported by the European Union through No. ERC-AdG-2014-671093 (SynCatMatch), and by the Spanish Government-MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (No. SEV-2016-0683) and No. MAT2017-82288-C2-1-P projects. Red Espanola de Supercomputacion (RES) and Centre de Calcul de la Universitat de Valencia are gratefully acknowledged for ...

[EN] Nanolayered cobalt-molybdenum sulphide (Co-Mo-S) materials have been established as excellent catalysts for C-S bond construction. These catalysts allow for the preparation of a broad range of thioethers in good to excellent yields from structurally diverse thiols and readily available primary as well as secondary alcohols. Chemoselectivity in the presence of sensitive groups such as double bonds, nitriles, carboxylic esters and halogens has been demonstrated. It is also shown that the reaction takes place through a hydrogen-autotransfer (borrowing hydrogen) mechanism that involves Co-Mo-Smediated dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactions. A novel catalytic protocol based on the thioetherification of alcohols with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to furnish symmetrical thioethers has also been developed using these earth-abundant metal-based sulphide catalysts. ; Financial support by the Spanish Government-MINECO through the program "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683) is gratefully acknowledged. I. S. also acknowledges the Vice-Rectorate for Research, Innovation and Transfer of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) for a postdoctoral fellowship and the Spanish Government-MINECO for a "Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion" fellowship. The authors also acknowledge the Microscopy Service of the UPV and Dr Jose Maria Moreno for kind help with TEM and STEM measurements. ; Sorribes-Terrés, I.; Corma Canós, A. (2019). Nanolayered cobalt-molybdenum sulphides (Co-Mo-S) catalyse borrowing hydrogen C-S bond formation reactions of thiols or H2S with alcohols. Chemical Science. 10(10):3130-3142. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8sc05782f ; S ; 3130 ; 3142 ; 10 ; 10 ; E. Block , Reactions of Organosulfur Compounds , Academic Press , New York , 1978 ; M. E. Peach , in The Chemistry of the Thiol Group , ed. S. Patai , John Wiley & Sons , London , 1979 , pp. 721–723 ; F. Bernardi , I. G.Csizmadia and A.Mangini , Organic Sulfur Chemistry. Theoretical and Experimental Advances , Elsevier , Amsterdam , 1985 ; R. J. Cremlyn , An ...

[EN] The one-step production of biodegradable alkyl glycoside (1-dodecyl mono- and oligoglucoside) surfactants from cellulose has been achieved by direct alcoholysis in fatty alcohol media under BrOnsted acid catalysis at near-ambient pressure. The fatty alcohol serves as both solvent and reagent. Addition of small amounts of water prevents dehydration events and thus minimises product and solvent degradation. Furthermore, high initial cellulose loadings and short thermal cycles enable moderate-to-high conversions and selectivities (up to approximate to 70%), and low solvent-to-product ratios. ; Financial support from the Spanish Government-MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV 2012-0267) is acknowledged. AVP also thanks the Spanish Government (Agencia Estatal de Investigacion) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) for a grant for young researchers (CTQ2015-74138-JIN, AEI/FEDER/UE). ; Puga, AV.; Corma Canós, A. (2017). Direct Conversion of Cellulose into Alkyl Glycoside Surfactants. ChemistrySelect. 2(8):2495-2498. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201700389 ; S ; 2495 ; 2498 ; 2 ; 8

[EN] In the present review, we would like to cover the most fundamental advances achieved in the design of ordered titanosilicates since the earlier discovery of TS-1 reported by EniChem in the mid-eighties. The invention of the medium-pore TS-1 zeolite was a breakthrough, and this material has been applied as efficient catalyst in diverse industrial applications. However, its limited pore size (5 5.5 Å) offers diffusion limitations when working with large molecules. The design and preparation of open titanosilicates, such as large pore molecular sieves, mesoporous ordered materials, or layered-type zeolites will be described. The applicability of these titanosilicates to catalytic oxidation processes requiring bulky organic molecules will also be presented. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish GovernmentMINECO (MAT2012-37160), Consolider Ingenio 2010-Multicat, and UPV through PAID-06-11 (n.1952). Manuel Moliner also acknowledges to ''Subprograma Ramon y Cajal'' for the contract RYC-2011-08972. ITQ thanks the ''Program Severo Ochoa'' for financial support (SEV 2012 0267). ; Moliner Marin, M.; Corma Canós, A. (2014). Advances in the synthesis of titanosilicates: From the medium pore TS-1 zeolite to highly-accessible ordered materials. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 189:31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.08.003 ; S ; 31 ; 40 ; 189

[EN] C1 chemistry, which is the catalytic transformation of C1 molecules including CO, CO2, CH4, CH3OH, and HCOOH, plays an important role in providing energy and chemical supplies while meeting environmental requirements. Zeolites are highly efficient solid catalysts used in the chemical industry. The design and development of zeolite-based mono-, bi-, and multifunctional catalysts has led to a booming application of zeolite-based catalysts to C1 chemistry. Combining the advantages of zeolites and metallic catalytic species has promoted the catalytic production of various hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, light olefins, aromatics, and liquid fuels) and oxygenates (e.g., methanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, and higher alcohols) from C1 molecules. The key zeolite descriptors that influence catalytic performance, such as framework topologies, nanoconfinement effects, Bronsted acidities, secondary-pore systems, particle sizes, extraframework cations and atoms, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, and proximity between acid and metallic sites are discussed to provide a deep understanding of the significance of zeolites to C1 chemistry. An outlook regarding challenges and opportunities for the conversion of C1 resources using zeolite-based catalysts to meet emerging energy and environmental demands is also presented. ; The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 21920102005, 21835002, and 21621001), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2016YFB0701100), the 111 Project of China (B17020), and the Spanish Government through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683, MINECO) and PGC2018-101247-B-I00 for supporting this work. ; Zhang, Q.; Yu, J.; Corma Canós, A. (2020). Applications of Zeolites to C1 Chemistry: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. Advanced Materials. 32(44):1-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002927 ; S ; 1 ; 31 ; 32 ; 44 ; Zhou, W., Cheng, K., Kang, J., Zhou, C., Subramanian, V., Zhang, Q., & Wang, Y. (2019). New horizon in C1 chemistry: ...

[EN] Covalent organic frameworks, COFs, and their derived sub-groups based on auto-assembly of exclusivelyaromatic units, PAFs, are emerging into the advanced materials field due to their high free porous volume,structural regularity, robustness, hydrothermal stability, and functional variety. They present high gasuptake capacities and presence of stabilized active functions in the framework. This together with chargedlow-density structures combined with their organization through -conjugated system arrays, open thepossibilities of COFs and PAFs to be used as effective materials for adsorption, selective separation andcatalysis, and in nanotechnological applications. This review will be focused on self-assembly synthesis mechanisms, physico-chemical characteristics, and applications of this class of promising covalent porousorganic structures, out looking their possible future approaches and perspectives. ; This work was funded by the Spanish Government (Severo Ochoa program SEV-2012-0267 and MAT2014-52085-C2-1-P) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo). The European Union isalso acknowledged by ERC-AdG-2014-671093 – SynCatMatch. ; Díaz Morales, UM.; Corma Canós, A. (2016). Ordered covalent organic frameworks, COFs and PAFs. From preparation to application. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 311:85-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2015.12.010 ; S ; 85 ; 124 ; 311

Relevant layered zeolites have been considered in this perspective article from the point of view of the synthesis methodologies, materials characterization and catalytic implications, considering the unique physico-chemical characteristics of lamellar materials. The potential of layered zeolitic precursors to generate novel lamellar accessible zeolites through swelling, intercalation, pillarization, delamination and/ or exfoliation treatments is studied, showing the chemical, functional and structural versatility exhibited by layered zeolites. Recent approaches based on the assembly of zeolitic nanosheets which act as inorganic structural units through the use of dual structural directing agents, the selective modification of germanosilicates and the direct generation of lamellar hybrid organic inorganic aluminosilicates are also considered to obtain layered solids with well-defined functionalities. The catalytic applications of the layered zeolites are also highlighted, pointing out the high accessibility and reactivity of active sites present in the lamellar framework. ; The authors thank financial support to Spanish Government by Consolider-Ingenio MULTICAT CSD2009-00050, MAT2011-29020-C02-01 and Severo Ochoa Excellence Program SEV-2012-0267. ; Díaz Morales, UM.; Corma Canós, A. (2014). Layered zeolitic materials: an approach to designing versatile functional solids. Dalton Transactions. 43(27):10292-10316. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3dt53181c ; S ; 10292 ; 10316 ; 43 ; 27 ; Mallouk, T. E., & Gavin, J. A. (1998). Molecular Recognition in Lamellar Solids and Thin Films. Accounts of Chemical Research, 31(5), 209-217. doi:10.1021/ar970038p ; Suslick, K. S., & Price, G. J. (1999). APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND TO MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. Annual Review of Materials Science, 29(1), 295-326. doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.295 ; Du, X., Zhang, D., Gao, R., Huang, L., Shi, L., & Zhang, J. (2013). Design of modular catalysts derived from NiMgAl-LDH@m-SiO2 with dual confinement effects for dry reforming of methane. ...

[EN] Aromatic azoxy compounds have wide applications and they can be prepared by stoichiometric or catalytic reactions with H2O2 or N2H4 starting from anilines or nitroarenes. In this work, we will present the direct chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes with H-2 to give aromatic azoxy compounds under base-free mild conditions, with a bifunctional catalytic system formed by Ni nanoparticles covered by a few layers of carbon (Ni@C NPs) and CeO2 nanoparticles. The catalytic performance of Ni@C-CeO2 catalyst surpasses the state-of-art Au/CeO2 catalyst for the direct production of azoxybenzene from nitrobenzene. By means of kinetic and spectroscopic results, a bifunctional mechanism is proposed in which, the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene can be stopped at the formation of azoxybenzene with >95% conversion and >93% selectivity, or can be further driven to the formation of azobenzene with >85% selectivity. By making a bifunctional catalyst with a non-noble metal, one can achieve chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes not only to anilines, but also to corresponding azoxy and azo compounds. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ; This work has been supported by the European Union through the SynCatMatch project (ERC-AdG-2014-671093). Financial supports by the Spanish Government-MINECO through the program "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank the Microscopy Service of UPV for kind help with TEM and STEM measurements. ; Liu, L.; Concepción Heydorn, P.; Corma Canós, A. (2019). Modulating the catalytic behavior of non-noble metal nanoparticles by inter-particle interaction for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes into corresponding azoxy or azo compounds. Journal of Catalysis. 369:312-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2018.11.011 ; S ; 312 ; 323 ; 369

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 15330 15353, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711422. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. ; [EN] Since the early reports by Barrer in the 1940s on converting natural minerals into synthetic zeolites, the use of precrystallized zeolites as crucial inorganic directing agents to synthesize other crystalline zeolites with improved physicochemical properties has become a very important research field, allowing the design, particularly in recent years, of new industrial catalysts. This Review highlights how the presence of some crystalline fragments in the synthesis media, such as small secondary building units (SBUs) or layered substructures, not only favors the crystallization of other zeolites with similar SBUs or layers, but also permits control over important parameters affecting their catalytic activity (chemical composition, crystal size, or porosity, etc.). Recent advances in the preparation of 3D and 2D zeolites through seeding and zeolite-to-zeolite transformation processes will be discussed extensively in this Review, including their preparation in the presence or absence of organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs). The aim is to introduce general guidelines for more efficient approaches for target zeolites. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Government (MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683) and MAT2015-71261-R), by the European Union through ERC-AdG-2014-671093 (SynCatMatch), and by the Fundacion Ramon Areces (through the "Life and Materials Science" program). ; Li, C.; Moliner Marin, M.; Corma Canós, A. (2018). Building zeolites from precrystallized units: nanoscale architecture. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 57(47):15330-15353. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711422 ; S ; 15330 ; 15353 ; 57 ; 47 ; Cundy, C. S., & Cox, P. A. (2005). The hydrothermal ...

15330 15353 57 47 ; S Moliner, M., Martínez, C., & Corma, A. (2015). Multiporige Zeolithe: Synthese und Anwendungen bei der Katalyse. Angewandte Chemie, 127(12), 3630-3649. doi:10.1002/ange.201406344 Moliner, M., Rey, F., & Corma, A. (2013). Rationales Design von effizienten organischen strukturdirigierenden Reagentien für die Zeolithsynthese. Angewandte Chemie, 125(52), 14124-14134. doi:10.1002/ange.201304713 Jiang, J., Yu, J., & Corma, A. (2010). Zeolithe mit sehr großen Poren als Bindeglied zwischen mikro- und mesoporösen Strukturen. Angewandte Chemie, 122(18), 3186-3212. doi:10.1002/ange.200904016 C. T.Kresge W. J.Roth U.S. Patent 5266541 1993. S. I.Zones US 4544538 1985. T. V.Whittam US Pat 4397825 1983. Corma, A., Puche, M., Rey, F., Sankar, G., & Teat, S. J. (2003). Angewandte Chemie, 115(10), 1188-1191. doi:10.1002/ange.200390275 A. W.Burton WO2014/099261 2014; ; D.Xie WO2016/122724 2016. ; Sun, J., Bonneau, C., Cantín, Á., Corma, A., Díaz-Cabañas, M. J., Moliner, M., … Zou, X. (2009). The ITQ-37 mesoporous chiral zeolite. Nature, 458(7242), 1154-1157. doi:10.1038/nature07957 ; S. I.Zones Y.Nakagawa S. T.Evans G. S.Lee US 5958370 1999; ; This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 15330 15353, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711422. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. [EN] Since the early reports by Barrer in the 1940s on converting natural minerals into synthetic zeolites, the use of precrystallized zeolites as crucial inorganic directing agents to synthesize other crystalline zeolites with improved physicochemical properties has become a very important research field, allowing the design, particularly in recent years, of new industrial catalysts. This Review highlights how the presence of some crystalline fragments in the synthesis media, such as small secondary building units (SBUs) or layered substructures, not ...

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in ACS Catalysis, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b00170 ; [EN] Nanolayered molybdenum disulfide cobalt-promoted materials (Co-Mo-S) have been established as chemoselective catalysts for thehydrogenation of nitroarenes under relatively mild conditions. Co-Mo-S catalysts have been prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis that allows the formation of unsupported catalysts with a large number of active sites per unit volume. Via application of these catalysts, the hydrogenation of the nitro functionality has been performed selectively in the presence of double and triple bonds, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acid derivative groups, thus affording the corresponding anilines in good to excellent yields. Interestingly, the partial hydrogenation of some dinitroarenes has also been successfully accomplished. In addition, its catalytic performance has been evaluated for the preparation of the bioactive compound paracetamol through a one-pot direct hydrogenative amidation reaction. ; The financial support of the European Union (FP7-NMP-2013-EU-Japan-604319-NOVACAM) is gratefully acknowledged. I.S. thanks Spanish MINECO for a "Formacion Postdoctoral" fellowship. The authors also thank the Microscopy Service of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for kind help with TEM and STEM measurements. ; Sorribes-Terrés, I.; Liu, L.; Corma Canós, A. (2017). Nanolayered Co-Mo-S Catalysts for the Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes. ACS Catalysis. 7(4):2698-2708. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b00170 ; S ; 2698 ; 2708 ; 7 ; 4

Metallic cobalt nanoparticles with surface CoOx patches covered by thin layered carbon (named Co@C) have been directly synthesized by thermal decomposition of Co-EDTA complex. Raman spectra and HRTEM images suggest that discontinuities can be found in the disordered layered carbon. XPS shows that the CoOx patches in the Co@C nanoparticles can reduced to metallic Co by H-2 under reaction conditions (7 bar at 120 degrees C), and H-2-D-2 exchange experiments show that the reduced metallic Co nanoparticles covered by carbon layers can dissociate H-2. The Co@C nanoparticles show excellent activity and selectivity during chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes for a wide scope of substrates under mild reaction conditions. Based on the results from DRIFTS adsorption experiments, we propose that metallic Co in the Co@C nanoparticles is the active phase. The role of the carbon layers is to protect the Co from overoxidation by air, leading to the chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ; L.L. thanks ITQ for a contract. The European Union is also acknowledged by ERC-AdG-2014-671093-SynCatMatch. The authors also thank the Microscopy Service of UVP for kind help with TEM and STEM measurements. ; Liu, L.; Concepción Heydorn, P.; Corma Canós, A. (2016). Non-noble metal catalysts for hydrogenation: A facile method for preparing Co nanoparticles covered with thin layered carbon. Journal of Catalysis. 340:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2016.04.006 ; S ; 1 ; 9 ; 340