Ideais e construções práticas baseadas nas conceções de Mahatma Gandhi têm influenciado ativistas em todo o mundo desde a sua campanha bem-sucedida para libertar a Índia do jugo colonial britânico. Entretanto, as ideias gandhianas são menos consideradas no que concerne ao campo das relações internacionais e, mais especificamente, à política externa indiana. Nesse sentido, este artigo busca compreender a influência do gandhismo na política externa pós-independência da Índia. O artigo começa por explicar a teoria de Gandhi e as suas ideias sobre a ordem internacional para, em seguida, analisar o tipo de influência que as ideias de Gandhi tiveram em determinados períodos da história pós-colonial indiana.
The Indian state has been adopting controversial policies for countering the Maoist insurgency. Even worse, this behaviour seems to mirror Britishcolonial attitudes against India's population at some level. Consequently, this article attempts to understand this probable 'paradoxical' conduct. Withthe support of the post-structuralist theory, I discuss state and outsourced terrorist practices of the Indian state apparatus against this insurgency. Toreach this goal, first, I try to explicate the concept of state terrorism and its application in India. Then, I analyse the historical development of theMaoist movement and India's concrete policies of state and outsourced terrorism against this counter-hegemonic movement. I believe the British Raj'scolonial practices have had a deep dialectical influence on India's state apparatus and major political parties to date. So, this inquiry may clarify thepersistence of colonial practices within India. ; The Indian state has been adopting controversial policies for countering the Maoist insurgency. Even worse, this behaviour seems to mirror Britishcolonial attitudes against India's population at some level. Consequently, this article attempts to understand this probable 'paradoxical' conduct. Withthe support of the post-structuralist theory, I discuss state and outsourced terrorist practices of the Indian state apparatus against this insurgency. Toreach this goal, first, I try to explicate the concept of state terrorism and its application in India. Then, I analyse the historical development of theMaoist movement and India's concrete policies of state and outsourced terrorism against this counter-hegemonic movement. I believe the British Raj'scolonial practices have had a deep dialectical influence on India's state apparatus and major political parties to date. So, this inquiry may clarify thepersistence of colonial practices within India.
As críticas às intervenções humanitárias têm aumentado nas últimas décadas, uma vez que o equilíbrio entre soberania e a possibilidade de intervenções no seio da Sociedade Internacional (SI) permanece complicado. O estabelecimento de um "sinal verde" para intervenções em quaisquer situações ditas humanitárias daria intensificaria o imperialismo das grandes potências; entretanto, um "sinal vermelho", resultando na impossibilidade de intervenções em todas as situações, seria um argumento absurdo, visto que existem situações de emergências humanitárias reais. A busca pelos melhores parâmetros de uma "luz amarela" é, portanto, um sério desafio, dadas as dificuldades em estabelecer os limites legais e políticos das respostas humanitárias. No entanto, não podemos conceber essa "luz amarela" sem entender que a ausência de neutralidade da SI em relação às intervenções humanitárias parece ser, na verdade, um mito hegemônico positivista. Desse modo, o objetivo mais importante deste artigo é demonstrar a presença da sociedade internacional antes, durante e depois dos conflitos, principalmente por meio de políticas neoliberais/neocoloniais. Para atingir esse objetivo, a Teoria Crítica e a Economia Política Internacional (EPI) serão fundamentais, assim como a estreita relação entre os campos de conhecimento do Direito Internacional (DI) e das Relações Internacionais (RI). Com base nesses preceitos metodológicos, destacaremos essa falta de neutralidade a partir da análise das intervenções humanitárias na Bósnia-Herzegovina e no Timor-Leste. O principal resultado desta pesquisa demonstra a presença de políticas neocoloniais no contexto do DI. Palavras-chave: Neocolonialismo; Neoliberalismo; Direito Internacional; Hegemonia; Intervenções Humanitárias. ; Criticism on humanitarian interventions has been increasing in recent decades, as the balance between sovereignty and interventions within International Society (IS) remains difficult. The establishment of a 'green light' for interventions for any so-called humanitarian situation would provide a free path to the imperialism of the great powers; however, a 'red light' resulting in the impossibility of interventions in all situations would be an absurd argument, since there are situations of real humanitarian emergencies. Searching for the best parameters of a 'yellow light' is thus a serious challenge, owing to the difficulties in establishing the legal and political boundaries of a humanitarian response. Nevertheless, we cannot envisage this 'yellow light' without comprehending that the absence of neutrality of the IS as concerns humanitarian interventions seems to be a positivist hegemonic myth. Therefore, the foremost objective of this article is to demonstrate the presence of international society before, during and after conflicts, particularly through neoliberal/neocolonial policies. To achieve this goal, Critical Theory and International Political Economy (IPE) will be essential, as well as the intrinsic relation between International Law and International Relations' scopes of knowledge. Based on these methodological precepts, we will highlight this lack of neutrality by analyzing the humanitarian interventions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Timor-Leste. The utmost result of this research highlights neo-colonial policies in DI's background.Keywords: Neocolonialism; Neoliberalism; International Law; Hegemony; Humanitarian Interventions.
The end of the Second World War and the establishment of the UN have provoked new changes as regards international relations. Not only has decolonization became one of the most fundamental rhetorical objectives of international society, but also entrenched changes towards the composition of this society (a majority of underdeveloped countries in the UN system). As a consequence, it seemed that international society and international law would propitiate a new era of mutual development. Nonetheless, new discords have erupted in international society, mainly as concerns the economic realm. The main objective of this article is the demonstration of the continued use of international law (its content and sources) as a legitimizing aspect of global powers imperialism over peripherical States of the world, primarily since the Pax Americana (neoliberal hegemony). To achieve this crucial goal, Critical Theory and International Political Economy's (IPE) methodologies will be essential, as well as the intrinsic relation between International Law and International Relations' scopes of knowledge. The utmost result of this research highlights neo-colonial policies in DI's background. Keywords: Neocolonialism; Neoliberalism; International Law; Hegemony; International Economic Governance ; La fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale et l'établissement de l'ONU ont provoqué des nouveaux changements dans les relations mondiales. Non seulement la décolonisation est devenue un des objectifs rhétoriques primordiaux de la société internationale, mais également, le processus de décolonisation ultérieur a aussi proportionné un changement de la composition de cette société (le système de l'ONU composé avec une majorité des pays sous-développés). De ce fait, il semblait que la société internationale et le droit international vivraient une nouvelle ère de développement mutuel. Toutefois, des nouvelles discordes ont éclaté au sein de la société internationale, plutôt par rapport au contexte économique. L'objectif le plus fondamental de cet article est la démonstration de la continuation de l'utilisation du droit international (son contenu et ses sources) comme un facteur légitimant l'impérialisme des puissances globales sur les pays de la « périphérie » du monde, particulièrement à partir de la Pax Americana (l'hégémonie néolibérale). Afin d'atteindre cet objectif crucial, les méthodologies de la Théorie Critique et de l'Économie Politique International (EPI) se révèlent fondamentales, ainsi que la relation étroite entre les domaines de connaissance du Droit International et des Relations Internationales. Le résultat le plus fondamental de cette recherche met en lumière des politiques néocoloniales en arrière-plan du DI.Mots-clés: Néocolonialisme; Néolibéralisme; Droit International; Hégémonie; Gouvernance Économique Internationale
