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Processes of increasing integration and globalization and their influence on nation-state sovereignty, political subjectivity and citizenship are analyzed in the article. The formation of common European identity is discussed. It emphasizes the loosing role of national factor and its transformation into multiculturalism. The concept of allegiance is particularly useful for understanding the complex and problematic relation between a national citizenship, a nation state, and a transnational or supranational policy. The general hypothesis is that European allegiance does not depend on how people look at European integration. How a public understands the European Community or Union (EC, EU) in a general way is most likely largely inconsequential. The extend to which people are attached to locality, region or country is arguably not directly related to their "European" attachment. Instead, European allegiance must be viewed as originating in national allegiance. National allegiance, in turn, is contingent on national social and economic performance. European integration, therefore, depends on a double allegiance, consisting of a primary allegiance to the nation-state and its political elite and secondary allegiance to the EC or EU. ; Europoje egzistuoja keli identiteto sluoksniai: europinis, Rytų ar Vakarų Europos, Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES), regioninis, nacionalinis. Stiprėjant integracijos tendencijoms postmodernioje Europoje, kyla naujo kolektyvinio, europinio identiteto klausimas. Kartu didėja sąvokų europietis ir Europos nacionalinės valstybės pilietis sampratos skirtumai, kinta tapatumas su savo šalimi. Europos Sąjungos raidoje reikšmingas yra dviejų lygių identitetas, sudarytas iš pirminio, t. y. tapatumo su savo nacionaline valstybe, ir antrinio, t. y. tapatumo su Europos Sąjunga, kaip platesne nei nacionalinė valstybė, esybe. Europietiškų ir nacionalinių interesų konfliktas gali sukurti vadinamąjį "pasidalinto lojalumo" psichologinį reiškinį. Stiprėjant integracijos procesams postmodernioje Europoje, nacionalinis veiksnys išsilaisvina iš politikos ir besivienijančioje Europoje transformuojasi į multikultūralizmą. Nacionalinių kultūrų įvairovė bei joje pasireiškianti kultūrų vienybė yra Europos turtas bei jos tolesnio klestėjimo pagrindas.

The article emphasizes that accounts of European social policy generally present a minimalist interpretation of European Union involvement. The sovereign nation-state allows no relevant role for the EU in social policy. The Union's sphere is market building, leaving social policy to citizenfocused, national welfare state, its sovereignty formally untouched though perhaps endangered indirectly by growing economic interdependency. Three welfare state models (liberal, social-democratic, conservative) are discussed in the article. The author highlights that the welfare states are national states. The article defines and discusses European social model as a set of European Community and member-state legal regulations, but also as a range of practices aimed at promoting a comprehensive social policy in the European Union. The European social model has developed alongside the different steps taken towards European integration, that confirms how this model is related to EU economic and political integration. The common values, that includes European social model, such as democracy, individual rights, free collective bargaining, equality of opportunity for all, and social welfare and solidarity are discussed in the article. The article gives the set of different elements of the European social model major of them labour law on worker's rights, employment, equal opportunities, antidiscrimination, etc., that can be characterized as "European society". The progress of European social model depends on the growth of European economies, the development of knowledge societies, and the modernization of work organization that requires constant adaptation. ; Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti pagrindinius Europos socialinio modelio bruožus ir elementus, aptarti svarbiausias vertybines nuostatas, atskleisti šio modelio problemiškumą ir santykinumą Europos Sąjungoje. Tuo tikslu analizuojama socialinės politikos raida nuo Europos Bendrijos sukūrimo iki paskutiniosios Europos Sąjungos plėtros Vidurio ir Rytų Europos link, atskleidžiamas jos vaidmuo integraciniuose procesuose ir transformacija nuo ekonominės politikos priedėlio į savarankišką politiką. Straipsnyje aptariama gerovės valstybės samprata ir modeliai, pabrėžiamas jos nacionalinis pobūdis. Išryškinant valstybės narės nacionalinės socialinės politikos ir ES socialinės politikos skirtumus, pabrėžiami pastarosios socialinio reguliavimo uždaviniai.

The emphasis in the Communitys and Unions treaties and charter on workers rights and on the need to create conditions that would facilitate freedom of movement of labour between member states explains why issues concerned with the emploiment and equalization of working conditions have always been high on the policy agenda.

The emphasis in the Communitys and Unions treaties and charter on workers rights and on the need to create conditions that would facilitate freedom of movement of labour between member states explains why issues concerned with the emploiment and equalization of working conditions have always been high on the policy agenda.

The emphasis in the Community's and Union's treaties and charter on workers' rights and on the need to create conditions that would facilitate freedom of movement of labour between member states explains why issues concerned with the employment and equalization of working conditions have always been high on the policy agenda. With the launch of the European Monetary Union (EMU) and Euro, the debate on European solutions shifted focus towards structural policies, which are the necessary complement to the macroeconomic policy mix under EMU. Employment is the key ingredient of this debate. Indeed employment cuts across all the challenges of enlargement, the new financial framework and the EU structural funds, the promotion of economic and social cohesion, and institution reform. Throughout the 1970's and 1980's employment was present in the minds of the leaders of the then EEC when the four freedoms of movement of goods, services, capital and labour were promoted in Single Market. The subsequent evolution of employment strategy can be divided into two periods, the watershed of which is marked by new Treaty of Amsterdam, signed in October 1997. Before Amsterdam, employment and labour market policy was the sovereign domain of the Member States. The treaty does not change the basic principle that Member States take primary responsibility for employment policy. But it does entrust the European institutions, the Council and the Commission with a much stronger role, new tasks and more forceful tools. It involves the European Parliament more closely with the decision making process. Also, the responsibilities of the social partners and their opportunities to contribute are enhanced through the inclusion of the Social Protocol into the Treaty. Leaders of many Member States have been at the forefront in coordinating and implementing the European employment strategy. ; Europos Sąjunga (ES) vykdydama užimtumo ir socialinę politiką, siekia užtikrinti aukštą gyvenimo kokybę, žmogaus orumą atitinkantį gyvenimo lygį, sudaryti galimybes gyventi aktyvioje, integruotoje ir sveikoje visuomenėje. Ši politika padeda gerinti didžiosios dalies ES piliečių, tarp jų ir bedarbių, pagyvenusių žmonių, neįgaliųjų, socialiai atskirtųjų, darbo rinkoje skriminuojamų žmonių gyvenimą. Tai atitinka vieną svarbiausių ES socialinės politikos principų – piliečių solidarumo principą, būtiną kuriant stabilią visuomenę bei skatinant nuolatinį klestėjimą, kuris yra Europoje veikiančio socialinio modelio atskaitos taškas. ES gyventojai nepaliekami rinkos jėgų valiai – jie turi galimybę naudotis viena stipriausių pasaulio socialinės paramos sistemų. Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti ES vykdomą užimtumo, kaip socialinės gerovės garanto, politiką, išanalizuoti ją lemiančias ES sutartis, aptarti ES socialinės politikos transformacijas pereinant prie vidaus rinkos ir įsigaliojus ES pilietybei. Tyrimo metodai – dokumentų, mokslinės literatūros analizė.

The relevance of the topic is that the Covid-19 pandemic, which was announced by the WHO on 30 March 2020, has caused blockages in all economic sectors, but tourism is the worst affected. It is difficult to estimate the real impact of the pandemic on international tourism. According to UNWTO, prior to the pandemic, the tourism sector generated 10% of global GDP, and accounted for one in ten jobs worldwide. Quarantine measures, flight cancellations, bans and border closures are expected to significantly reduce tourism for several years ahead. Every country in the world has been affected by the pandemic, including Lithuania. This article presents the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Lithuania, particularly on tour operators and travel agencies. Rapid changes during the pandemic obliged tour operators and travel agencies to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The aim of this article is to look at the prospects for tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators, and to suggest possibilities for its further successful development. The research methodology consists of an analysis of scientific literature, and documentary and statistical data, and also qualitative research into six tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results. The results underline the fact that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the tourism sector segment more than 80%. Furthermore, business development theory and its strategy, strategic possibilities and competitiveness are analysed, and a restructuring concept is suggested. The results of the survey are presented accordingly in three categories. At the end of this thesis, conclusions and suggestions for business development strategies for tour operators are introduced. Goal: to look at the prospects of tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators in Lithuania, and to suggest a restructuring model for its further development. Methodology: the research methodology consists of statistical data regarding the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the tourism sector, an analysis, and also qualitative research into the six largest tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results acheived. Conclusions: tourism is a fast-changing industry, which depends on many external and internal factors. These are economic, political and social factors, although highly competitive market and rapid changes during the pandemic have obliged tour operators to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The demands of the present pandemic situation work like an interrogation, a re-exploration and a re-envisioning of the future of tour operators, and the segregation of what has to change and what has to remain constant. Despite the crippling effects of Covid-19, new forms of adaptiveness are emerging that challenge the prevailing tour operators' competitive ethic. While a transactional economic revival of the companies has to remain the top priority, progress will take place so long as tourism becomes more transformational.

The relevance of the topic is that the Covid-19 pandemic, which was announced by the WHO on 30 March 2020, has caused blockages in all economic sectors, but tourism is the worst affected. It is difficult to estimate the real impact of the pandemic on international tourism. According to UNWTO, prior to the pandemic, the tourism sector generated 10% of global GDP, and accounted for one in ten jobs worldwide. Quarantine measures, flight cancellations, bans and border closures are expected to significantly reduce tourism for several years ahead. Every country in the world has been affected by the pandemic, including Lithuania. This article presents the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Lithuania, particularly on tour operators and travel agencies. Rapid changes during the pandemic obliged tour operators and travel agencies to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The aim of this article is to look at the prospects for tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators, and to suggest possibilities for its further successful development. The research methodology consists of an analysis of scientific literature, and documentary and statistical data, and also qualitative research into six tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results. The results underline the fact that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the tourism sector segment more than 80%. Furthermore, business development theory and its strategy, strategic possibilities and competitiveness are analysed, and a restructuring concept is suggested. The results of the survey are presented accordingly in three categories. At the end of this thesis, conclusions and suggestions for business development strategies for tour operators are introduced. Goal: to look at the prospects of tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators in Lithuania, and to suggest a restructuring model for its further development. Methodology: the research methodology consists of statistical data regarding the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the tourism sector, an analysis, and also qualitative research into the six largest tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results acheived. Conclusions: tourism is a fast-changing industry, which depends on many external and internal factors. These are economic, political and social factors, although highly competitive market and rapid changes during the pandemic have obliged tour operators to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The demands of the present pandemic situation work like an interrogation, a re-exploration and a re-envisioning of the future of tour operators, and the segregation of what has to change and what has to remain constant. Despite the crippling effects of Covid-19, new forms of adaptiveness are emerging that challenge the prevailing tour operators' competitive ethic. While a transactional economic revival of the companies has to remain the top priority, progress will take place so long as tourism becomes more transformational.

The relevance of the topic is that the Covid-19 pandemic, which was announced by the WHO on 30 March 2020, has caused blockages in all economic sectors, but tourism is the worst affected. It is difficult to estimate the real impact of the pandemic on international tourism. According to UNWTO, prior to the pandemic, the tourism sector generated 10% of global GDP, and accounted for one in ten jobs worldwide. Quarantine measures, flight cancellations, bans and border closures are expected to significantly reduce tourism for several years ahead. Every country in the world has been affected by the pandemic, including Lithuania. This article presents the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Lithuania, particularly on tour operators and travel agencies. Rapid changes during the pandemic obliged tour operators and travel agencies to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The aim of this article is to look at the prospects for tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators, and to suggest possibilities for its further successful development. The research methodology consists of an analysis of scientific literature, and documentary and statistical data, and also qualitative research into six tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results. The results underline the fact that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the tourism sector segment more than 80%. Furthermore, business development theory and its strategy, strategic possibilities and competitiveness are analysed, and a restructuring concept is suggested. The results of the survey are presented accordingly in three categories. At the end of this thesis, conclusions and suggestions for business development strategies for tour operators are introduced. Goal: to look at the prospects of tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators in Lithuania, and to suggest a restructuring model for its further development. Methodology: the research methodology consists of statistical data regarding the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the tourism sector, an analysis, and also qualitative research into the six largest tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results acheived. Conclusions: tourism is a fast-changing industry, which depends on many external and internal factors. These are economic, political and social factors, although highly competitive market and rapid changes during the pandemic have obliged tour operators to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The demands of the present pandemic situation work like an interrogation, a re-exploration and a re-envisioning of the future of tour operators, and the segregation of what has to change and what has to remain constant. Despite the crippling effects of Covid-19, new forms of adaptiveness are emerging that challenge the prevailing tour operators' competitive ethic. While a transactional economic revival of the companies has to remain the top priority, progress will take place so long as tourism becomes more transformational.

The relevance of the topic is that the Covid-19 pandemic, which was announced by the WHO on 30 March 2020, has caused blockages in all economic sectors, but tourism is the worst affected. It is difficult to estimate the real impact of the pandemic on international tourism. According to UNWTO, prior to the pandemic, the tourism sector generated 10% of global GDP, and accounted for one in ten jobs worldwide. Quarantine measures, flight cancellations, bans and border closures are expected to significantly reduce tourism for several years ahead. Every country in the world has been affected by the pandemic, including Lithuania. This article presents the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Lithuania, particularly on tour operators and travel agencies. Rapid changes during the pandemic obliged tour operators and travel agencies to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The aim of this article is to look at the prospects for tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators, and to suggest possibilities for its further successful development. The research methodology consists of an analysis of scientific literature, and documentary and statistical data, and also qualitative research into six tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results. The results underline the fact that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the tourism sector segment more than 80%. Furthermore, business development theory and its strategy, strategic possibilities and competitiveness are analysed, and a restructuring concept is suggested. The results of the survey are presented accordingly in three categories. At the end of this thesis, conclusions and suggestions for business development strategies for tour operators are introduced. Goal: to look at the prospects of tour operators in the outgoing tourism market in Lithuania through an analysis of six tour operators in Lithuania, and to suggest a restructuring model for its further development. Methodology: the research methodology consists of statistical data regarding the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the tourism sector, an analysis, and also qualitative research into the six largest tour operators in Lithuania and the incorporation of the results acheived. Conclusions: tourism is a fast-changing industry, which depends on many external and internal factors. These are economic, political and social factors, although highly competitive market and rapid changes during the pandemic have obliged tour operators to look for new ways and better solutions to create value for their customers and to remain competitive in the market. The demands of the present pandemic situation work like an interrogation, a re-exploration and a re-envisioning of the future of tour operators, and the segregation of what has to change and what has to remain constant. Despite the crippling effects of Covid-19, new forms of adaptiveness are emerging that challenge the prevailing tour operators' competitive ethic. While a transactional economic revival of the companies has to remain the top priority, progress will take place so long as tourism becomes more transformational.

To analyse teachers' experience in applying information communication technologies (from now on referred to as ICT) during the study process. Methodology: The analysis is based on a qualitative research methodology determined by the novelty of the problem under analysis. Six teachers of the University X (faculty Y) participating in the study were selected by applying a random sampling procedure and were interviewed by using the semi-structured interviews. Results: The research revealed that the use of ICT in the study process is still fragmented due to the lack of the teachers` ICT competence and to teaching priority given to direct communication. Because of the lack of higher level competence in ICT necessary for the efficient use of ICT tools in the study process, teachers as a rule resort to limited opportunities to increase the attractiveness of the process. Research limitations: in order to theoretically and empirically validate ICT application possibilities in the study process, teachers of one faculty of one university have been interviewed. In view of this, the conclusions cannot be extended to all teachers. Practical significance: the research revealed problems faced by the university teachers in applying ICT during the study process. Identification of problems will facilitate a more efficient use of ICT in the study process, as well as the development of teachers' qualification. Originality and value: the research provided more information on teachers` competence in using ICT.

Rapidly changing economic, social and political conditions, the penetration of new technologies also requires a completely different type of the university lecturers who are innovation-friendly. They must have relevant knowledge and combine didactic technologies and information and communication technologies in order that they would be able to give students an opportunity to study in an innovative and effective way. Taking into consideration that the study process is always based on a certain technology and paying attention to the shift of education paradigms, it can be established that, in the modern study process, it is extremely important to realise precisely today's educational objectives and principles which assist in implementing up-to-date educational technologies. The study is aimed at establishing what most important factors of the application of educational technologies in the process of modern studies are. The study is based on a quantitative research methodology the choice of which was determined by the newness of the analyzed problem. The study shows that the objectives of a subject of studies are always discussed with students, the latter also have an opportunity to set their own individual study objectives, they are continuously kept informed why they study concrete knowledge and what it will be needed for in the future. The creation of an environment favourable to studies is also proved by the fact that the opportunity is given to students to combine the content of their studies of a subject with their own personal experience, interests. The study process is dominated by the study process of the active creation and construction of knowledge.