Higher education institutions during the recent economical, social and demographical changes have been experiencing some difficulties. The important question now is how to preserve the balance between the traditional values of higher education and an extremely dynamic environment, the ever-changing needs of society, which never fail to give new priorities for higher education institutions. The aim of the thesis – to examine the typical interaction processes and their characteristics between the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions and the of regional socio-economic development; to formulate theoretic conception of the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions in the context of social economic evolution, which could be applied in Lithuania and other European Union countries. The thesis aims to examine managerial profile research perspectives related with of the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions in the context of regional socio-economic evolution; to define the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions in the context of regional socio-economic evolution and to indicate topicalities and concerns in this area researches. This thesis proposes a new theoretical conception, which allows studying, assessing and controlling the processes the expansion of the potential of higher education, while taking into account the socio-economical factors of regional development.
Higher education institutions during the recent economical, social and demographical changes have been experiencing some difficulties. The important question now is how to preserve the balance between the traditional values of higher education and an extremely dynamic environment, the ever-changing needs of society, which never fail to give new priorities for higher education institutions. The aim of the thesis – to examine the typical interaction processes and their characteristics between the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions and the of regional socio-economic development; to formulate theoretic conception of the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions in the context of social economic evolution, which could be applied in Lithuania and other European Union countries. The thesis aims to examine managerial profile research perspectives related with of the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions in the context of regional socio-economic evolution; to define the expansion of the potential of higher education institutions in the context of regional socio-economic evolution and to indicate topicalities and concerns in this area researches. This thesis proposes a new theoretical conception, which allows studying, assessing and controlling the processes the expansion of the potential of higher education, while taking into account the socio-economical factors of regional development.
Science and innovation policy in Lithuania is ambitious and takes into account European Union priorities, that are described in various European Union documents. These aims let Lithuania use European Union financial mechanisms for scientific researches and experimental development, but it is not clear yet if these priorities raise Lithuanian's innovational potential. The results of the research grounds the European Union policy and financial mechanizm of scientific researches and experimental development in the European Union regions, where cohesion is stimulated in the scope of knowledge society and change of education. But the research shows various differences among regions. These differences could be reasonable obstacle to transfer various financial and managerial mechanisms from one region into another.
Science and innovation policy in Lithuania is ambitious and takes into account European Union priorities, that are described in various European Union documents. These aims let Lithuania use European Union financial mechanisms for scientific researches and experimental development, but it is not clear yet if these priorities raise Lithuanian's innovational potential. The results of the research grounds the European Union policy and financial mechanizm of scientific researches and experimental development in the European Union regions, where cohesion is stimulated in the scope of knowledge society and change of education. But the research shows various differences among regions. These differences could be reasonable obstacle to transfer various financial and managerial mechanisms from one region into another.
What it meant by European Integration? We mean the historical process whereby European nation-states have been willing to transfer, or more usually pool, their sovereign powers in a collective enterprise. The European Union, which today contains twenty-eight member states, which has a complex institutional structure that includes a supranational central administration (the European Commission), an elected Parliament, a Court of Justice and a Central Bank, is the outcome of this processes. Many American and European scientists of the European Union have chided "intergovemmentalist" accounts for emphasizing the duration of member state authority over the process of European integration. This article attempts to prove these criticisms in a "historical institutionalist" account that mentions the importance of research on European integration as a political process which spreads over time. Such an aspect distinguishes the limitations of member-state control over permanent institutional improvements, due to a fixation with short-term interests, the existence of unexpected consequences, and actions that "lock in" past decisions and make affirmation of member-state control difficult. Short exploration of the development of social policy in the EC advocates the limitations of conducting the EC as an international regime promoting collective activity among sovereign states. It is important to view integration as a "path-dependent" process that has composed a dispersed, but still obvious "multitiered" European polity.
In the paper the analysis of the innovation and Scientific Researches and Experimental Development (R&D) policy of the European Union (EU) is analyzed, highlighting the impact of such a policy on the economic state and the prospects for economic development of the regions. This article emphasises the analysis of the Innovation Policy of the European Union, the financial and management instruments which implement the policy and is methods applied for correlative analysis, which allow us to consider the needs of the EU investments into R&D, and to measure impat of these investmens on the economies of the Member States. In the coprehensive research the Eurostat database statistic data is used, which include all Member Countries of the European Union are divided into two groups according to the fields of financial intervention for stimulating cohesion. The obtained results are compared with the ones of the USA and Japan. The index chosen for the research undoubtedly shows the correlative inter-relationships between the R&D policy of the European Union, activities of the higher-education institutions, innovations of businesses, and regional economic growth. The research results are important to form directions for policy. The research results let to evaluate the European Union R&D policy and financial instruments in the EU cohesion regions, but they also show the economic development differences between various regions of the EU. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjama vietinių mokesčių problema kaip viena svarbiausių problemų plėtojant fiskalinę decentralizaciją šalies viešajame sektoriuje. Vietinių mokesčių reikšmę šalies viešojo sektoriaus ekonomikai pabrėžia ir Europos vietos savivaldos chartija. Aptariami vietinių mokesčių teoriniai klausimai mokesčių paskirstymo tarp viešojo sektoriaus valdymo lygių, pateikiami bendrieji mokesčių paskirstymo bei administravimo principai. Analizuojami vietiniai mokesčiai Europos Sąjungos ir kitose užsienio šalyse bei tarpukario Lietuvos šios srities patirtis. Reikia pabrėžti, jog tarpukario Lietuvoje vietiniai mokesčiai buvo įteisinti įstatymu, o pati Lietuvos mokesčių sistema buvo gana pažangi. Todėl ši patirtis gali būti naudinga ir dabartiniu laikotarpiu. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog šiandieninė Lietuva, palyginti su šiuolaikinės ekonomikos šalių mokesčių sistemomis yra gerokai atsilikusi. Atsižvelgiant į tyrimo rezultatus bei Vakarų šalių ir tarpukario Lietuvos patirtį, siūlomos priemonės, kurios leistų išplėtoti vietinių mokesčių institutą iki labiausiai pažengusių Europos šalių lygio, t. y. įteisinti mokesčius, dabar veikiančiais įstatymais priskirtus savivaldybėms, kaip vietinius, įvesti naujus vietinius mokesčius, pvz., juridinių asmenų kilnojamojo turto bei fizinių asmenų prabangaus turto mokesčius.
introduced, but also the factors that most influence on innovation the most. Innovation is a concept associated with the changes in technology, process, process, or methods of operation methodschanges. Innovation can be regarded as a Creation of a technologically new product, / service, / manufacturing, or delivery process can be considered innovation creation. Essential improvement It also can be called innovation of existing products, / service, s / manufacturing, or delivery business processes improvement oras well as provision introduction of the substance and implementation of advanced management techniques can also be regarded as innovation. Innovation can be considered to be aAny change that would allowenabling the a company to achieve better results and increase its performance indicators such as productivity, sales or profitsreturns on investment, can be considered business innovation. Innovations can be classified according toby their content, the level of implementation, the extent of implementation, the level of novelty, level of organizational valuespeculiarities, the nature, of the final result outcome, of theand impact. One of the most common classifications of innovation distinguishdistinguishes the types of innovation in terms of what is created: creating a new product, introducing new technology, creating new management, economic and organizational structures. The Scientific literature distinguishes a number of different factors that affect innovation. The We can identify four categories of main the factors can be administered in accordance with the reasons whydetermining the success of innovation, namely the introduction of innovation drivers, barriers to innovation, collaboration with the external environment, and the sources of information. [.]
introduced, but also the factors that most influence on innovation the most. Innovation is a concept associated with the changes in technology, process, process, or methods of operation methodschanges. Innovation can be regarded as a Creation of a technologically new product, / service, / manufacturing, or delivery process can be considered innovation creation. Essential improvement It also can be called innovation of existing products, / service, s / manufacturing, or delivery business processes improvement oras well as provision introduction of the substance and implementation of advanced management techniques can also be regarded as innovation. Innovation can be considered to be aAny change that would allowenabling the a company to achieve better results and increase its performance indicators such as productivity, sales or profitsreturns on investment, can be considered business innovation. Innovations can be classified according toby their content, the level of implementation, the extent of implementation, the level of novelty, level of organizational valuespeculiarities, the nature, of the final result outcome, of theand impact. One of the most common classifications of innovation distinguishdistinguishes the types of innovation in terms of what is created: creating a new product, introducing new technology, creating new management, economic and organizational structures. The Scientific literature distinguishes a number of different factors that affect innovation. The We can identify four categories of main the factors can be administered in accordance with the reasons whydetermining the success of innovation, namely the introduction of innovation drivers, barriers to innovation, collaboration with the external environment, and the sources of information. [.]
When implementing certain reforms, political rhetoric is often much more powerful than their economic and social results. It is therefore necessary to analyse the peculiarity of policy of introduction and implementation of elements of NPM and answer the question of whether NPM actually makes public management more efficient, or perhaps in some cases leads to new problems, without addressing the old ones. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and analyze theoretically the new public management elements, creating conditions for further research on public management. New Public Management is a management approach that essentially seeks to transfer the private sector management techniques to public administration. NPM is also understood not only as shrinking of the public sector, but also – and most importantly – as its modernization in order to increase efficiency of the bureaucratic structures. With reference to the literature review, we can say that the new public management is based on the following elements: decentralization, privatization, orientation to results, creation of market mechanism in the public sector, introduction of private sector management practices, and participation. These elements are closely interrelated. Decentralization is transfer of functions or competences of central government to local authorities, autonomous agencies, and, in some cases, the private sector. There are many arguments supporting decentralization benefits: cutting red tape, bringing government closer to the people, increased accountability of institutions and politicians to the people, possibility to more flexibly involve people, trade unions and others in the decision- making. But there are sceptics, the prevailing opinion among whom is that decentralization violates the principle of economies of scale. [.]
When implementing certain reforms, political rhetoric is often much more powerful than their economic and social results. It is therefore necessary to analyse the peculiarity of policy of introduction and implementation of elements of NPM and answer the question of whether NPM actually makes public management more efficient, or perhaps in some cases leads to new problems, without addressing the old ones. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and analyze theoretically the new public management elements, creating conditions for further research on public management. New Public Management is a management approach that essentially seeks to transfer the private sector management techniques to public administration. NPM is also understood not only as shrinking of the public sector, but also – and most importantly – as its modernization in order to increase efficiency of the bureaucratic structures. With reference to the literature review, we can say that the new public management is based on the following elements: decentralization, privatization, orientation to results, creation of market mechanism in the public sector, introduction of private sector management practices, and participation. These elements are closely interrelated. Decentralization is transfer of functions or competences of central government to local authorities, autonomous agencies, and, in some cases, the private sector. There are many arguments supporting decentralization benefits: cutting red tape, bringing government closer to the people, increased accountability of institutions and politicians to the people, possibility to more flexibly involve people, trade unions and others in the decision- making. But there are sceptics, the prevailing opinion among whom is that decentralization violates the principle of economies of scale. [.]
The indicators for the evaluation of regional development processes are influenced by a great number of interrelated factors. While investigating sustainable or unsustainable growth, the relation between employment and workplaces, the alternation of the quality of life and the status of health, etc. must be taken into consideration. It is quite complicated to find an appropriate evaluation mechanism for the recognition of regional inequalities. As the alternation of the processes of restructuring and development is quite fast, new relationships, which are observed in the period of the contemporary crisis, influence new types of the consequences of economic development as well as the methods for its evaluation. The paper aims to assess the extent of regional inequalities by using an approach to the evaluation of some differences among developing regional areas based on the NUTS 3 level. The results of the application of the mentioned methodology are demonstrated by evaluating the processes of regional development in Lithuania. The application of the state-of-the-art scientific methods and tools allows to provide empirical evidence regarding the dynamic processes of regional development. The evaluation of statistical data allows to recognize the inequalities; econometric methods are used for the analysis of the changes of per capita incomes and their basic components as well as the level of labour productivity and employment rate. The proposed approach allows to evaluate the levels of inequality, especially by using the statistical data regarding the income growth in the Lithuanian regions, and the rise of labour productivity gap. Econometric models used to analyse the impact of the capital/labour ratio on labour productivity are discussed in the paper. Calculated technical progress parameters show that annual growth of technical progress is, in fact, the highest in leading regions with strong economies of agglomeration and technological development and that the Lithuanian regional policy is relatively ineffective in raising technological progress growth. ; Regionų vystymosi procesus vertinantys rodikliai yra susiję su daugeliu tarpusavyje susijusių veiksnių. Norint tinkamai įvertinti regionų vystosi darnios ar nedarnios veiklos požymius, reikia nagrinėti tokius gana sudėtingus savo struktūra veiksnius kaip ekonominis augimas, užimtumo ir darbo vietų santykis, gerovės ir gyvenimo kokybės kaita, regiono gyventojų sveikatos būklės pokyčiai ir kita. Norint rasti tinkamą regioninių skirtumų atpažinimo ir vertinimo sistemą, reikia spręsti gana sudėtingus rodiklių sąveikos, restruktūrizavimo ir plėtros procesų analizės uždavinius. Kadangi regioninio vystymosi procesų kaita nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu gana sparti, atsiranda nauji santykiai, kurie mus įpareigoja analizuoti veiksnius, darančius įtaką ir ekonominės krizės laikotarpiu. Nagrinėtina įtaka naujai atsirandančių santykių kaitai ir ekonominiam vystymuisi. Straipsnyje aptariami metodai, leidžiantys įvertinti regioninio vystymosi netolygumų mastą. Autoriai siūlo taikyti regionų vertinimo metodą, grindžiamą besivystančių regionų trijų lygių skirtumų lyginimo metodika. Šio metodo taikymo rezultatai pateikiami vertinant Lietuvos apskričių vystymosi procesus. Vertinant regionų plėtros procesus taikomos priemonės grindžiamos empiriniais ir dinaminiais daugiakriteriais statistiniais komponentais. Vystymosi netolygumai yra atpažįstami iš statistinių duomenų įvertinimų, taikant tam tikrus ekonometrinius metodus. Analizuojami pajamų, tenkančių vienam gyventojui, pokyčiai, jų struktūra, darbo našumo ir užimtumo lygis. Siūlomas metodas, naudojant Lietuvos regionų statistinius duomenis ir pajamų augimo, darbo našumo atotrūkio didėjimo, techninės pažangos rodiklius leidžia vertinti regionų vystymosi netolygumo lygį. Straipsnyje apžvelgiami užsienio investicijų, kapitalo pritraukimo faktoriai, darbo santykį, darbo našumą analizuojantys ekonometriniai modeliai. Gauti vertinimo rezultatai parodo pirmaujančių ir atsiliekančių regionų techninės pažangos skirtumus.
As a result of globalization and the changing business environment a lot of business companies have to undergo a deep transformation process to become more international in their export. Export is a key determinant in achieving economical growth of the state and a higher level of competition in the domestic market, but there is no proof that export promotion made by the state is efficient to stimulate export activities. The article aims to evaluate Export Development Strategy of the Republic of Lithuania for 2009-2013 and its implementation. The article evaluates the implementation of export strategy of the Republic of Lithuania through a survey and measures the production capacity of the industrial sector in Lithuania. The research findings show that a small part of industrial companies could effectively facilitate the state export encouragement measures because of their lack of production capacity. ; Daugelis besivystančių šalių (įskaitant pereinamosios ekonomikos šalis) liberalizuoja savo ekonomikas, siekdamos pritraukti tiesioginių užsienio investicijų, perimti technologinius pasiekimus ir tapti konkurencingos vidaus rinkoje (Sinha, 2009). Globalizacija ir skirtingų ekonomikų integracija dažnai buvo siejama su ekonominiu augimu ir socialiniu vystymu. Eksportas labai svarbus kriterijus norint pasiekti aukštus ekonomikos augimo rodiklius (Hessels ir van Stel, 2007; Shih and Wickramasekera, 2010). Tačiau nėra įrodymų, kad valstybės pagalba ar specialios eksporto skatinimo priemonės efektyviai skatina veiklą, susijusią su eksportu (Leniodou, 1998, Wiliams, 2008). Lietuva yra maža atvira ekonomika su santykinai nedidele vidaus rinka, todėl vienas iš svarbiausių jos ekonominio augimo, konkurencingumo didėjimo, valstybės balanso teigiamių pokyčių veiksnių yra lietuviškų prekių eksporto plėtra. Šiuo metu pagrindinės lietuviškų produktų importuotojos ES šalys išgyvena finansinės krizės padarinius. Ji ypač neigiamą įtaką turėjo Vakarų Europai. Šie politinės valios klausimai yra apibrėžti Lietuvos eksporto plėtros strategijoje 2009– 2013 m. (Žin., 2009, Nr. 137-6012). Pažymėta, kad Strategijos vizija, tikslai ir uždaviniai turi būti įgyvendinti valstybės institucijų skatinant šalies prekių ir paslaugų eksportą į kitas rinkas. Mokslinės literatūros analizė rodo, kad dėl globalizacijos ir besikeičiančios verslo aplinkos daugelis įmonių privalo pereiti visapusiškos transformacijos procesus ir tapti labiau internacionalizuotos. Eksportas yra viena iš įėjimų į tarptautines rinkas formų. Akivaizdu, kad eksportas yra labai svarbi ekonomikos dedamoji, užtikrinanti spartų valstybės ekonomikos augimą, o vidaus konkurencija pereina į aukštesnį lygmenį. Tačiau mokslinėje literatūroje nėra įrodymų, kad valstybės eksporto skatinimo politika yra efektyvi ir sukelia veiksmingą grįžtamąjį ryšį šalies ekonomikai. Mokslinės literatūros analizė rodo, kad pagrindiniai veiksniai, skatinantys įmones eksportuoti efektyviai, labiau susiję su įmonių kompetencijos sritimis, ypač tokiomis kaip marketingas ir tarpkultūrinė komunikacija. Būtent šių sričių visapusišku išmanymu pasižymi eksportuojančios įmonės. Toks požiūris prieštarauja į išteklius orientuotų kompanijų požiūriui ir reikalauja daugiau tyrimų ir mokslinės literatūros analizės eksportuojančių įmonių dinaminių išteklių ir įmonių kompetencijų srityse. Be to, produktyvumas yra vienas iš eksportuojančių įmonių sėkmės veiksnių, tiriamas šiame straipsnyje. Lietuvos eksporto plėtros strategija 2009–2013 m. orientuota į tris pagrindines veiklos sritis: naujų eksporto partnerių paieška, eksportuojančiųjų įmonių veiklos efektyvumo didinimas, investicijų skatinimas. Paslaugų sektorius Strategijoje laikomas prioritetu. Tačiau nepagrįsta, kodėl paslaugų sektorius, kuris nebūtinai gali užtikrinti aukštą ekonomikos pridėtinę vertę ilguoju laikotarpiu, turėtų būti laikomas prioritetiniu. Atlikta 130 Lietuvos pramonės įmonių vadovų apklausa parodė nepakankamą Lietuvos eksporto plėtros priemonių išnaudojimą. Apie 14 % pramonės įmonių eksporto skatinimo priemones finansavo iš savo asmeninių lėšų. Tai rodo nepakankamą informacijos sklaidą verslo sektoriui apie galimybes gauti valstybės dotacijas bei santykinai dideles laiko sąnaudas administruojant valstybės paramą, ypatingai atsižvelgiant į sparčius tarptautinių rinkų paklausos pokyčius. Šios sritys turi būti tobulinamos. Kitas aspektas, dėl kurio nepakankamai efektyviai išnaudojamos Lietuvos eksporto plėtros priemonės, – jos tik iš dalies atitinka įmonių lūkesčius. [.]
European Union authorities consider innovations as a powerful tool to increase EU economic equality between members. This study represents few issues related with innovations in EU. At first, the EU documents and European scoreboard are analyzed according to structural analysis means of proposed approach. The innovational gap between EU member-states is identified. Second part of the article copes with methodological issues that arose around the research of innovations. The major issue related to an innovations measuring is that innovations consist of both tangible and intangible elements. The methods of the 4th generation of measuring innovation are implemented in the research, which aims to evaluate EU policy according to population's perception of innovations in Lithuania and Romania. Comparative study between Lithuania and Romania is done. The research shows social attitudes towards innovations and its relation with life quality and financial situation. The study shows, that local consumption of innovative products and services not necessary leads to better innovativeness of country. ; Nagrinėjami keli klausimai, susiję su inovacijų plėtote Europos Sąjungoje. Visų pirma analizuojami Europos Sąjungos dokumentai ir Europos švieslentė. Atlikus analizę nustatytas didžiulis inovacinis atotrūkis tarp Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių. ES institucijos mano inovacijas esant galingu įrankiu, galinčiu padidinti Europos Sąjungos šalių ekonominę lygybę. Antroje straipsnio dalyje apžvelgiami metodologiniai klausimai, kylantys atliekant inovacijų tyrimus. Pagrindinė problema, susijusi su inovacijų matavimu, yra tai, kad inovacijos apima tiek materialius, tiek nematerialius elementus. Moksliniame tyrime taikomi ketvirtosios kartos inovacijų matavimo metodai, kuriais siekiama įvertinti Europos Sąjungos inovacijų politiką pagal Lietuvos ir Rumunijos gyventojų nuostatas, inovacijas. Atlikta lyginamoji Lietuvos ir Rumunijos studija. Tyrimas atskleidžia visuomenės požiūrį į inovacijas, jų ryšį su gyvenimo kokybe bei finansine padėtimi bei rodo, kad vietinis novatoriškų produktų ir paslaugų vartojimas nebūtinai veda prie šalies inovatyvumo.
This study represents few issues related with innovations in European Union. At first the European Union documents and European scoreboard are analyzed. According to analysis, a huge innovational gap between European Union member-states is identified and EU authorities consider that innovation-friendly society is crucial element for its innovation policy. Second part of the article copes with methodological issues that arose around the research of innovations. The methods of the 4th generation of measuring innovation are implemented in the research, which aims to evaluate European Union policy according to population's perception of innovations in Lithuania and Romania. Comparative study between Lithuania and Romania is done. The research shows social attitudes towards innovations and its relation with life quality and financial situation. The study shows, that local consumption of innovative products and services not necessary leads to better innovativeness of country.
This study represents few issues related with innovations in European Union. At first the European Union documents and European scoreboard are analyzed. According to analysis, a huge innovational gap between European Union member-states is identified and EU authorities consider that innovation-friendly society is crucial element for its innovation policy. Second part of the article copes with methodological issues that arose around the research of innovations. The methods of the 4th generation of measuring innovation are implemented in the research, which aims to evaluate European Union policy according to population's perception of innovations in Lithuania and Romania. Comparative study between Lithuania and Romania is done. The research shows social attitudes towards innovations and its relation with life quality and financial situation. The study shows, that local consumption of innovative products and services not necessary leads to better innovativeness of country.
