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Introduction to Pyrethroid Insecticides: Chemical structures, properties, mode of action and use -- Analytical methods for determining Pyrethroid Insecticides in environmental and food matrices -- Analytical methods for determination urinary metabolites of synthetic Pyrethroids -- Fate of Pyrethroids in freshwater and marine environments -- The ecological and evolutionary implications of Pyrethroid exposure: A new perspective on aquatic ecotoxicity -- Stereoselectivity and environmental behaviour of Pyrethroids -- Environmental risks of synthetic Pyrethroids used by the salmon industry in Chile -- Bioavailability and bioaccumulation of Pyrethroid Insecticides in wildlife and humans -- Indoor and outdoor Pyrethroid air concentrations -- Risk assessment of human exposure to Pyrethroids through food -- Human risk associated with long-term exposure to Pyrethroid insecticides -- Conclusions and future trends.

Intro -- Brominated Flame Retardants -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Volume Preface -- Contents -- Introduction to Brominated Flame Retardants: Commercially Products, Applications, and Physicochemical Properties -- Human Health Effects of Brominated Flame Retardants -- Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods Applied to Congener-Specific Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers -- Recent Methodologies for Brominated Flame Retardant Determinations by Means of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- Current Levels and Trends of Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment -- Bioaccumulation of Brominated Flame Retardants -- Degradation of Brominated Flame Retardants -- Human Exposure to Brominated Flame Retardants -- Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment -- Index.

This study evaluates the current situation regarding PBDE and HBCD levels in different river fish species. We collected published data in the last five years in different countries around the world. These levels of pollution were compared with Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for biota established by the European Directive in the field of water policy. Although HBCD situation is not critical, with only some values exceeding the limit about 5 times, the PBDE levels clearly exceeded the established EQS, with 25% of fish samples exceeding up to ten thousand times. Although it is expected that levels of pollution by PBDEs will decrease over the next years due to the ban in their use, it is not expected that this decrease will reach the EQS values by the end of 2021, as demanded by the European Directive. Hence, it is necessary to implement new strategies in order to minimize the impact of PBDEs on the environment. © 2017 The Authors ; This work was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under the Globaqua project (No. 603629 ), by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Redes de Excelencia project NET-SCARCE ( CTM2015-69780-REDC ) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups 2014 SGR 418 - Water and Soil Quality Unit). ; Peer reviewed

9 pages, 1 figure, 1 table. ; Environmental risk assessment is an essential element in any decision-making process in order to minimize the effects of human activities on the environment. Unfortunately, often environmental data tends to be vague and imprecise, so uncertainty is associated with any study related with these kind of data. ; Essentially, uncertainty in risk assessment may have two origins – randomness and incompleteness. There are two main ways to deal with these uncertainties – probability theory and fuzzy logic. ; Probability theory is based on a stochastic approach, using probability functions to describe random variability in environmental parameters. ; Fuzzy logic uses membership functions and linguistic parameters to express vagueness in environmental issues. ; We discuss the best way to deal with uncertainties in the environmental field and give examples of probabilistic and fuzzy-logic approaches applied to environmental risk assessment. ; This Study was funded by the European Union through the projects RISKBASE (GOCE 036938), AQUATERRA (Project number 505428) and by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science through the project CEMAGUA (CGL2007-64551/HID). ; Peer reviewed

Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) such as decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and halogenated norbornenes, as well as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were analysed in 52 sediments and 27 fish samples from three European river basins, namely the Evrotas (Greece), the Adige (Italy) and the Sava (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia). This is the first time that FR levels have been reported in these three European river basins. The highest contamination was found in the Adige and Sava rivers, whereas lower values were obtained for the Evrotas. The levels in sediment samples ranged between 0.25 and 34.0 ng/g dw, and between 0.31 and 549 ng/g dw, for HFRs and OPFRs respectively. As regards levels in fish, concentrations ranged between 9.32 and 461 ng/g lw and between 14.4 and 650 ng/g lw, for HFRs and OPFRs, respectively. Thus, whereas OPFR values were higher in sediments, similar concentrations (in the Evrotas) and even lower concentrations than HFRs (Sava) were found for OPFRs in the fish samples, indicating the lower bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs. Biota to sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were calculated and higher values were obtained for HFRs compared to those assessed for OPFRs. © 2017 The Author(s) ; This work was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Globaqua project (No. 603629), and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups 2014 SGR 418 -Water and Soil Quality Unit). The authorswould like to thanks Nicoleta A. Suciu (Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza) for her contribution in statistical analysis. ; Peer reviewed

10 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118377 ; Concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) plasticizers were analysed in the present study. Fifty-five fish samples belonging to three highly commercial species, European sardine (Sardina pilchardus), European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), and European hake (Merluccius merluccius), were taken from the Western Mediterranean Sea. OPEs were detected in all individuals, except for two hake samples, with concentrations between 0.38 and 73.4 ng/g wet weight (ww). Sardines presented the highest mean value with 20.5 ± 20.1 ng/g ww, followed by anchovies with 14.1 ± 8.91 ng/g ww and hake with 2.48 ± 1.76 ng/g ww. The lowest OPE concentrations found in hake, which is a partial predator of anchovy and sardine, and the higher δ15N values (as a proxy of trophic position), may indicate the absence of OPEs biomagnification. Eleven out of thirteen tested OPEs compounds were detected, being diphenyl cresyl phosphate (DCP) one of the most frequently detected in all the species. The highest concentration values were obtained for tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDClPP), trihexyl phosphate (THP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), for sardines, anchovies, and hakes, respectively. The human health risk associated with the consumption of these fish species showing that their individual consumption would not pose a considerable threat to public health regarding OPE intake ; This study has been partially funded by PELCAT project (CAT 152CAT00013, TAIS ARP059/19/00005), PELWEB project (ES-PN-2017-CTM 2017-88939-R, Spanish Government), EXPOPLAS project (PID2019-110576RB-I00), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Group Water and Soil Quality Unit 2017 SGR 1404). MEDITS data collection has been co-funded by the EU through the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) within the National Program of collection, management and use of data in the fisheries sector and support for scientific advice regarding the Common Fisheries Policy. [.] This work acknowledges the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditations (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to IDAEA and ICM (Project CEX2018-000794-S and CEX2019-000928-S, respectively).EL-L was supported by a FPU grant (FPU1704395, Spanish Ministry of Education) ; Peer reviewed

Fish samples of different species (i.e. rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), barbel (Barbus barbus) and European chub (Squalius cephalus)) were collected from the Sava River Basin for a preliminary investigation of the levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and PFAS as a whole. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, in terms of pg WHO-TEQ/g ww, were below the maximum limit established at the Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011. On the contrary, when DL-PCBs were also included, levels increase up to 11.7 pg WHO-TEQPCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs/g ww in a particular case, with two samples out of a total of ten exceeding the maximum set at this EU Regulation and the EQS established at the European Directive regarding priority substances in the field of water policy (0.0065 ng WHO-TEQPCDD/Fs+DL-PCBs/g ww). A similar trend was also observed for NDL-PCBs, whit the same two samples, from the lower stretch of the river basin, exceeding the maximum limit allowed at the EU Regulation (125 ng/g ww). For PBDEs, levels found in all the samples exceeded the EQS (0.0085 ng/g ww) up to more than a thousand times and 40% of the samples presented PFOS values above the EQS. Data from this study were compared to values reported at the literature for fish from other geographical areas. © 2018 ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Communities 7th Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 603629-ENV-2013-6.2.1-GLOBAQUA and Grant Agreement No. 603437-ENV-2013-SOLUTIONS projects. This work was also funded by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups 2017 SGR 1404 - Water and Soil Quality Unit). M. Llorca wants to acknowledge her Juan de la Cierva – Incorporación research fellowship (JdC-2014-21736) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. J. Parera is also grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for a Juan de la Cierva – Formación research fellowship (FJCI-2015-26722). Appendix A ; Peer reviewed