Suchergebnisse

El presente trabajo es parte de los resultados alcanzados a partir de un conjunto de investigaciones previas que tenían como finalidad estudiar la composición económico-social de los sectores populares urbanos de Salta y San Salvador de Jujuy durante el complejo siglo XIX. Una parte importante de las investigaciones que se llevan a cabo se refieren al análisis de la composición y distribución socioeconómica de la población de trabajadores. En este marco, el estudio que se pone a consideración muestra los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis de la esfera artesanal. Una parte importante del trabajo se orientó al análisis de las formas de organización gremial, jerárquicamente institucionalizadas, aunque se reconocieron formas asociativas similares que no estuvieron formalmente organizadas. El estudio da cuenta de la profunda heterogeneidad social del sector, en la que participaron inicialmente esclavos, mestizos y criollos y algunos europeos, por supuesto en rubros bien diferenciados En todos ellos la organización familiar fue característica fundamental como espacio de transmisión de saberes y de sociabilidad, en cuyo seno las mujeres tuvieron particular intervención. A partir de la reconstrucción del análisis de algunos casos se pudo observar la constitución de diversos tipos de redes sociales que vincularon a estos actores entre sí y con diversos actores del entramado social. De esta manera la mirada se desplaza del trabajo y las formas de convivencia en el taller a los diversos espacios públicos frecuentados por los sectores populares. Tales tipos de aproximaciones permitieron poner en primer plano a estos actores sociales y esbozar algunas consideraciones respecto a la construcción de identidades, lealtades políticas y prácticas socioeconómicas. El trabajo permitió observar también que nos encontramos ante sociedades en donde la división del trabajo y la consecuente diferenciación social en términos modernos fue mucho más lenta en relación a otras regiones, pero no inexistente. Para llevar adelante la investigación se complementaron fuentes catastrales y censales con las legislativas, notariales, prensa y descripciones de época, entre otras. Es significativo recalcar que tales tipos de estudios son pioneros en el espacio y el tiempo abordado, por lo cual dejan abiertas una gran variedad de temáticas e interrogantes que deberán atenderse en investigaciones futuras. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Participation at all levels of organizing, programme development, and implementation is critical if development programmes are to meet a minimum level of success. An examination of the organizational decision-making structure of two Nigerian women's development organizations, Better Life for Rural Women (BLP), a government-sponsored programme, and Country Women's Association of Nigeria (COWAN), a non-governmental programme, reveals fundamental differences in the level of participation of rural women who were the intended beneficiaries. The mission of each focused on the improvement of rural women's lives; however, the success of the non-governmental organization far outweighed the government- sponsored one because of its basic belief in popular participation. BLP was more likely to encourage bureaucratic and individual politically motivated manoeuvres that only delayed and sometimes subverted altogether services that were specifically designed for rural women. COWAN was less likely to experience these barriers, and therefore more readily responded to and engaged rural women as full participants in development projects that focused on improving their lives. Because of political instability, government projects focusing on women are limited. However, their need for development programmes that directly address their concerns is as great as ever.

Attention to saving the environment is gaining momentum daily. Citizens have a fundamental right to protect the environment from harm due to human activities. The profession of social work has a role to play in greening and sustaining the environment. The inclusion of this content in social work courses is a natural fit given the profession's person-in-environment perspective which emphasizes the relationship between individuals, their behavior and the environment and advocacy for preservation of human welfare and human rights. Participatory environmentalism considers the role of community members in demonstrating their civic responsibility toward preservation of the natural environment and resources. Social work students must be encouraged to accept vital leadership roles that address environmental concerns in addition to serving client populations. A community practice course which includes a service-learning requirement chose "greening" as a theme. Students worked with communities to identify and implement semester-long "green" projects.

Emma T. Budde legt den Fokus auf die Darstellung und Erklärung der Regulierungsgeschichte von Abtreibungen in Deutschland von 1960 bis 2015. Sie kontrastiert die deutsche Entwicklung mit der Gesetzesentwicklung in Westeuropa. Hinsichtlich der Reformgeschwindigkeit und des Regulierungsniveaus ist Deutschland im internationalen Mittelfeld angesiedelt. Eine Besonderheit deutscher Abtreibungspolitik ist die Widersprüchlichkeit des aktuell geltenden Gesetzes, welches den Schwangerschaftsabbruch als gesetzeswidrig, aber gleichzeitig straffrei einstuft. (Verlagswerbung)

The question of whether or not religion accounts for variance in the governance of moral issues, between and within countries over time, has long been debated but never conclusively answered. A novel data set encompassing innovative measurements of state regulation of "life‐and‐death" issues and of the religious stratification of society enables us to answer why previous studies reached contradictory results. The time‐series cross‐sectional analysis of 26 countries over 50 years reveals that dominant religious denominations in society indeed influence state governance approaches regarding the issues of abortion and euthanasia. This denominational effect is shown to be contingent on the religiosity of a country's population, but independent from the formal state–church relationship. Lastly, it is shown that the religious effect has an inverse U‐shaped relationship with time, exposing the timeframe of analysis as decisive for inferences drawn in the study of morality policy.

Antibiotics have been used for over 60 years by the swine industry to improve growth performance and feed efficiency. With rising concerns over antimicrobial resistance and government restrictions such as the Veterinary Feed Directive on usage of in-feed antibiotics, alternatives to feeding antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) to nursery pigs are needed. However, the mechanism of action by which AGPs work is poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action by which AGPs increase nursery pig performance. Over two replicates, 24 weaned pigs (6.75 ± 0.75 kg body weight) were randomly allotted to either control (CON, n = 12) or sub-therapeutic antibiotic (sCTC, n = 12) treatments and housed individually. A 2-phase corn-soybean-based nursery diet was fed, with the sCTC diets containing 40 ppm feed-grade chlortetracycline. Individual pig average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were calculated weekly for 5 weeks. Thereafter, all pigs were euthanized and necropsied for tissue collection. The overall performance data indicated that sCTC pigs had increased ADG (0.43 vs. 0.32 kg/d, P = 0.001) and ADFI (0.51 vs. 0.37 kg/d, P = 0.002) compared with CON pigs; however, G:F was not different as a result of dietary treatment (0.85 vs. 0.88, P = 0.617). Intestinal barrier permeability, ileal active nutrient transport, and cecal short chain fatty acid concentrations did not differ (P > 0.10) due to dietary treatment, however changes in several ileum mRNA transcripts suggest that inflammation may be reduced in sCTC pigs. Further, the changes observed in the proteomes of the ileum, colon, skeletal muscle, and liver suggest that the sub-therapeutic mode of action of AGPs may include post-absorptive changes and warrants further investigation.

Paid caregivers (e.g. home health aides, personal care attendants) are formally tasked with helping older adults with functional impairment meet their basic needs at home. This study used semi-structured interviews (n=30) with dyads of patients or their proxies and their paid caregivers in New York City to 1) understand the range of health-related tasks paid caregivers perform in the home and 2) determine if these tasks are taught in the New York State government's Department of Health curricula. We found that patients, proxies, and paid caregivers all described that paid caregivers performed a wide range of health-related tasks that were often not a part of their formal training. Creating clear competencies for paid caregivers that reflect the full breadth of health-related tasks they may perform at home will help maximize the potentially positive impact of the paid caregiver workforce on the lives of patients living at home with functional impairment.

The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement

The threat posed by invasive non-native species worldwide requires a global approach to identify which introduced species are likely to pose an elevated risk of impact to native species and ecosystems. To inform policy, stakeholders and management decisions on global threats to aquatic ecosystems, 195 assessors representing 120 risk assessment areas across all six inhabited continents screened 819 non-native species from 15 groups of aquatic organisms (freshwater, brackish, marine plants and animals) using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit. This multi-lingual decision-support tool for the risk screening of aquatic organisms provides assessors with risk scores for a species under current and future climate change conditions that, following a statistically based calibration, permits the accurate classification of species into high-, medium- and low-risk categories under current and predicted climate conditions. The 1730 screenings undertaken encompassed wide geographical areas (regions, political entities, parts thereof, water bodies, river basins, lake drainage basins, and marine regions), which permitted thresholds to be identified for almost all aquatic organismal groups screened as well as for tropical, temperate and continental climate classes, and for tropical and temperate marine ecoregions. In total, 33 species were identified as posing a 'very high risk' of being or becoming invasive, and the scores of several of these species under current climate increased under future climate conditions, primarily due to their wide thermal tolerances. The risk thresholds determined for taxonomic groups and climate zones provide a basis against which area-specific or climate-based calibrated thresholds may be interpreted. In turn, the risk rankings help decision-makers identify which species require an immediate 'rapid' management action (e.g. eradication, control) to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, which require a full risk assessment, and which are to be restricted or banned with regard to importation and/or sale as ornamental or aquarium/fishery enhancement.