Suchergebnisse

Tesis doctoral por el sistema de compendio de publicaciones ; El grupo de personas sobre el que se realiza esta investigación es el de las personas con discapacidad, en las que por razones de edad, o de enfermedad, están debilitadas y cuya protección ha quedado algo en la sombra en nuestro Derecho frente a la posición de los menores en los últimos años. En nuestra sociedad ha preocupado y preocupa mucho al legislador, a las familias a civilistas, a los jueces, al mundo del Derecho y a la sociedad civil en general, la temática de los menores, cuyo contenido ha sido y es clave en el Derecho Privado actual. En cambio, el legislador se ha preocupado mucho menos por otros colectivos en la búsqueda de ese bienestar. Considero, pues, importante realizar este análisis, con el fin de proponer herramientas o mecanismos legales para conseguir que estas personas puedan contar con el máximo apoyo por parte de nuestro Ordenamiento jurídico. Y ello con más razón aún en un momento en que estas personas se están viendo, de hecho, ante esta falta de protección jurídica, en un estrato social inferior y de discriminación real. Me he permitido en el análisis previo que debo realizar del art. 12 de la Convención, hacer referencia a la situación legislativa en materia de capacidad, a sus destinatarios para entender mejor la situación, a la complejidad del propio término, "discapacidad", y a su estudio desde el derecho civil. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es analizar con detenimiento y con una atención especial cual es la aportación real de la CDPD a nuestro Ordenamiento Jurídico, que medidas tendrían que implantarse y sobre todo si el procedimiento de protección el de incapacitación, está tan alejado de los principios y garantías de la Convención y si hay que dar un vuelco total al Derecho Civil para proteger y defender a la persona con discapacidad como pretenden algunos.

Barack Obama's rhetorical style is broadly acknowledged to be one of the most outstanding examples of communication strategy in recent political oratory. His political success reinforces the thesis that language is a powerful tool to influence citizens. The relationship between power, discourse and cognition provides the theoretical framework for the present analysis of Obama´s Inaugural Address; a speech which relies on literal meanings, and above all on figurative ones. Using this speech I will demonstrate how metaphor is a powerful strategy since first, it facilitates the understanding of abstract concepts in a short time span; second, it conveys positive images that benefit the orator; and, finally, because the message conveyed is doubly powerful as it works through both auditory and visual channels. ; La estrategia retórica de Barack Obama es una de las más sorprendentes en la oratoria política más reciente. Una victoria política que refuerza la tesis del lenguaje como arma poderosa para influir en los ciudadanos. Las relaciones entre poder, discurso y cognición constituyen el marco teórico del presente análisis en torno al Discurso de Investidura pronunciado por Obama en su toma de posesión como presidente; un discurso basado en significados literales y, sobre todo, metafóricos. Tal recurrencia mostrará el poder de la estrategia metafórica: Primero, porque la metáfora facilita el comprensión de conceptos abstractos en un breve espacio de tiempo; segundo, porque transmite imágenes positivas que benefician al orador; por último, porque el mensaje metafórico es doblemente efectivo puesto que funciona a través de un canal auditivo y otro visual. ; La stratégie rhétorique de Barack Obama est l'une des plus surprenantes de l'art oratoire politique le plus récent. Une victoire politique qui renforce la thèse du langage comme arme puissante pour avoir de l'influence sur les citoyens. Les relations entre pouvoir, discours et cognition constituent la délimitation théorique de cette analyse autour du Discours d'Investiture prononcé par Obama lors de sa prise de possession comme président; un discours basé sur des significations littérales et, surtout, métaphoriques. Cette récurrence montrera le pouvoir de la stratégie métaphorique: en premier lieu, parce que la métaphore facilite la compréhension de concepts abstraits dans un bref espace de temps; deuxièmement, parce qu'elle transmet des images positives qui profitent à l'orateur; enfin, parce que le message métaphorique est doublement effectif étant donné qu'il fonctionne par l'intermédiaire d'un canal auditif et d'un canal visuel.

Estamos ante un pronunciamiento que, además de reiterar la asentada doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional sobre los requisitos de los reales decretos-leyes, concreta, al hilo de la interpretación de los artículos 20.3 y 23.2 de la CE, el régimen jurídico de los medios de comunicación pública, completando las sentencias que se han dictado en esta materia, las más recientes los años 2017 y 2018. Asimismo, la Sentencia define la posición del Senado dentro de la estructura constitucional en relación con su participación en la función de control parlamentario de los medios de comunicación que recoge el mencionado artículo 20.3 de la CE, especialmente en el aspecto relativo a la designación de los miembros del Consejo de la Corporación RTVE, considerando la participación de esta Cámara un aspecto sustancial de dicho control.

As it has happened with other wild ungulates in Europe, the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population in Aragon has suffered a considerable expansion during the last two decades. In the Iberian Mountains of Zaragoza (SIZ) this process come along with an increasing sporting interest in the species and the raising of conflicts due to crop damage, mainly on fruit trees and vineyards. The Government of Aragon is responsible of managing big game populations and fixes the hunting quotas. During the elaboration of hunting plans it has to consider different and even opposite interests and points of view, so availability of reliable population trends it is essential for the management of these populations. It has been developed a scheme for monitoring roe deer population in Aragon based on strip transect counts of pellet groups. This information is complemented by the sightings of roe deer during a fox and lagomorph monitoring scheme based on spotlight counts from car. In the Iberian Mountain System of Zaragoza, between 2005 and 2009, the survey results point that the roe deer abundance has doubled, and the mean density reaches 5.4 ± 0.33 roe deer/km2. Initially, management plans followed a conservative criterion in order to keep the population growing, with a moderate extraction rate, still hunt and a balanced sex-specific quota. Due to the positive trend of the species and the necessity of reducing damage caused to agriculture, mainly fruit trees, the management goals change to population control and it was decided to increase hunting pressure: hunting season was extended, hunting drives with dogs are authorized and the extraction rate is raised. Although the hunting quota fulfillment is close to 80%, and the number of shot deer has increased from 193 in 2005 to 1.084 in 2009, until now there is no reduction in the population growth. ; Al igual que ha ocurrido con otros ungulados en el resto de Europa, durante las dos últimas décadas la población de corzo (Capreolus capreolus) ha experimentado una considerable expansión en Aragón. En el Sistema Ibérico zaragozano (SIZ) este proceso se ha visto acompañado por un incremento del interés cinegético hacia la especie y por una creciente conflictividad asociada a los daños en cultivos de leñosas. En Aragón es la Administración la responsable de planificar el aprovechamiento cinegético de la caza, asignando los cupos de captura a los cotos de caza. Durante la elaboración de los planes de caza se debe atender a posiciones e intereses muchas veces contrapuestos, por lo que para gestionar estas poblaciones es imprescindible contar con datos objetivos sobre su estado. Para ello se ha desarrollado un plan de seguimiento del corzo en Aragón basado en la realización periódica de transectos de recuento de grupos fecales sobre recorridos fijos. Esta información se complementa con las observaciones de corzo registradas en una red de fareos nocturnos diseñada originalmente para el seguimiento de lagomorfos y zorro. Los datos obtenidos en el SIZ indican que entre 2005 y 2009 la abundancia media de corzo se ha duplicado y que su densidad media alcanza 5,4 ± 0,33 corzos/km2. Inicialmente los planes de caza seguían criterios conservadores que permitiesen mantener la población en crecimiento, con una tasa de extracción moderada, un cupo equilibrado entre machos y hembras y una caza selectiva a rececho. Ante la evolución positiva de la especie y la necesidad de atenuar las protestas por daños en cultivos, fundamentalmente frutales, se ha cambiado a una estrategia de control poblacional con un notable incremento de la presión cinegética: se amplía el periodo hábil de caza, se autoriza la caza en batidas y se aumenta la tasa de extracción, aunque se ha mantenido la sex-ratio equilibrada en los cupos. A pesar de que el cumplimiento del cupo se sitúa en torno al 80%, y se ha pasado de 193 capturas en 2005 a 1.084 en 2009, hasta ahora no se ha conseguido frenar el crecimiento poblacional.

Science, Technology and Innovation Plan of the Principality of Asturias (Spain) - European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)European Union (EU) [FC-GRUPIN-IDI/2018/000225]

The Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology supported this research through the project CGL2012-38744 and CGL2016- 77401-P to M. Luceño (Principal Investigator), E. Maguilla, M. Escudero, S. Martín-Bravo, and T. Villaverde and an FPU fellowship (AP2012-2189) from the Spanish Government (Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport) and a Synthesys grant (GB-TAF-2523) by the European Community Research Infrastructure Program to E.Maguilla. ; Peer reviewed

Tropospheric O3 remains a major air-quality issue in the Mediterranean region. The combination of large anthropogenic emissions of precursors, transboundary contributions, a warm and dry aestival climate, and topographical features results in severe cases of photochemical pollution. Chemical transport models (CTMs) are essential tools for studying O3 dynamics and for assessing mitigation measures, but they need to be evaluated specifically for each air basin. In this study, we present an optimisation of the LOTOS-EUROS CTM for the Madrid air basin. Five configurations using different meteorological datasets (from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, ECMWF; and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, WRF), horizontal resolution and number of vertical levels were compared for July 2016. LOTOS-EUROS responded satisfactorily in the five configurations reproducing observations of surface O3 with notable correlation and reduced bias and errors. However, the best-fit simulations for surface O3 were obtained by increasing spatial resolution and using a large number of vertical levels to reproduce vertical transport phenomena and the formation of reservoir layers. Using the optimal configuration obtained in the evaluation, three characteristic events have been described: recirculation (REC) episodes and northern and southern advection (NAD and SAD, respectively) events. REC events were found to produce the highest O3 due to the reduced ventilation associated with low wind speeds and the contribution of reservoir layers formed by vertical transport of O3 formed near the surface in the previous days of the event. NAD events, usually associated with higher wind speeds, present the lowest ground-level O3 concentrations in the region. During SAD episodes, external contributions along with low wind speeds allow O3 to increase considerably but not as much as in REC events because steady southerly winds disperse local emissions and hinder the formation of reservoir layers. ; Funding text #1 1Centro Universitario de la Defensa (CUD) de Zaragoza, Academia General Militar, Ctra. de Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain 2TNO, P.O. Box 80015, 3584 TA, Utrecht, the Netherlands 3Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain 4Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain 5Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Bilbao, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Urkixo Zumarkalea, s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain Funding text #2 Acknowledgements. This work was funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER funds through the project HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R); the Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing, Food and Environment; the Madrid City Council; the Madrid Regional Government; and by the Department of Research, Innovation and University of the Aragón Regional Government and the European Social Fund (project E23_17D). The study was also partially supported by the scientific programme TECNAIRE-CM funded by the Directorate General for Universities and Research of the Greater Madrid Region (S2013/MAE-2972). The authors gratefully acknowledge air-quality data provision by the following entities: Ministry for the Ecological Transition (MITECO); Madrid City Council; AEMET; and the autonomous communities of Madrid, Castilla y León and Castilla–La Mancha. Miguel Escudero received a grant from the José Castillejo programme of the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (ref. CAS17/00108) for a 6-month research visit at TNO.View less Funding text #3 Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain and FEDER (grant no. CGL2016-78594-R); the Department of Research, Innovation and University of the Aragón Regional Government and the European Social Fund (grant no. E23_17D); the Directorate General for Universities and Research of the Greater Madrid Region (grant no. S2013/MAE-2972); and the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain (grant no. CAS17/00108). ; Peer reviewed

The remarkable increase of wild ungulates populations in Aragon during the last 50 years, both in numbers and distribution, has made population monitoring a need for effective management of these species. In parallel to their raising numbers, problems related to crop damage and collisions with vehicles are growing. In this situation there has been a shift in the management goals from conservation to population control. Different methods have been used in the surveys: postal enquiries for distribution, battues, distance sampling, night spotlight surveys and indirect ones based on transect and plot counts of pellet groups. Surveys started in 1985 for red deer, 1990 for wild boar and Iberian wild goat, 1995 for chamois and 2002 for roe deer, gradually becoming a population monitoring program. The surveys are carried out by rangers and wildlife consultants under the coordination and supervision of the Fish and Game Service of the Aragon Government. The ungulate populations are still growing (wild boar, wild goat, red and roe deer), are relatively stabilised (fallow deer, feral goat), fluctuate due to diseases (chamois) or show small populations limited to fenced states (Barbary sheep, mouflon). Hunting bags went from 1,100 to 36,000 during an eleven-year period (1990-2009): 303 chamois, 1,173 wild goats, 2,141 roe deer, 2,424 red deer and 29,595 wild boars, showing a trend which is still increasing. The main tool is therefore hunting quota and its verification through hunting bags declarations, damages to crops and car crashes, and population trend and abundance. ; La importante expansión de las poblaciones de ungulados silvestres en Aragón desde los años 50 del siglo XX hasta la actualidad, tanto en superficie ocupada como en abundancia de ejemplares, ha hecho necesario el seguimiento de las mismas para su adecuada gestión. Su incremento en las dos últimas décadas, junto con el importante aumento de daños agrícolas y colisiones con vehículos, ha motivado un importante cambio en los criterios gestores; pasando de la conservación y fomento al control e incluso reducción de efectivos. Los métodos utilizados para el seguimiento de las poblaciones fueron: encuestas quincenales de distribución, batidas, muestreos de distancia, captura – recaptura, fareos nocturnos y muestreos indirectos basados en el conteo de grupos de excrementos en transectos y parcelas fijas. Los seguimientos se comenzaron a realizar en 1985 en el caso del ciervo, 1990 en el jabalí y cabra montesa, 1995 en el sarrio y 2002 en el corzo, habiéndose convertido paulatinamente en una verdadera monitorización poblacional. Los seguimientos son realizados por Agentes de Protección de la Naturaleza del Gobierno de Aragón y asistencias técnicas externas, bajo la supervisión y coordinación de los responsables administrativos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, algunas poblaciones continúan su expansión e incremento (jabalí, ciervo, corzo, cabra montesa), otras se encuentran relativamente estabilizadas (gamo, cabra doméstica asilvestrada), y unas pocas fluctúan debido a enfermedades (sarrio) o muestran presencias testimoniales prácticamente reducidas a cercados (arruí, muflón). Las capturas declaradas han pasado de 1.100 a 36.000 en 11 años (1999-2009): 303 sarrios, 1.173 cabras montesas, 2.141 corzos, 2.424 ciervos y 29.595 jabalíes, con una tendencia al incremento que aún no ha finalizado. El instrumento fundamental por lo tanto son los cupos de caza y su verificación se realiza a partir de las declaraciones de capturas, los daños a la agricultura y accidentes automovilísticos y la tendencia y abundancia poblacional.

Various studies have reported that the photochemical nucleation of new ultrafine particles (UFPs) in urban environments within high insolation regions occurs simultaneously with high ground ozone (O3) levels. In this work, we evaluate the atmospheric dynamics leading to summer O3 episodes in the Madrid air basin (central Iberia) by means of measuring a 3-D distribution of concentrations for both pollutants. To this end, we obtained vertical profiles (up to 1200m above ground level) using tethered balloons and miniaturised instrumentation at a suburban site located to the SW of the Madrid Metropolitan Area (MMA), the Majadahonda site (MJDH), in July 2016. Simultaneously, measurements of an extensive number of air quality and meteorological parameters were carried out at three supersites across the MMA. Furthermore, data from O3 soundings and daily radio soundings were also used to interpret atmospheric dynamics. The results demonstrate the concatenation of venting and accumulation episodes, with relative lows (venting) and peaks (accumulation) in O3 surface levels. Regardless of the episode type, the fumigation of high-altitude O3 (arising from a variety of origins) contributes the major proportion of surface O3 concentrations. Accumulation episodes are characterised by a relatively thinner planetary boundary layer ( 2400ma.s.l.). This orographic-meteorological setting causes the vertical recirculation of air masses and enrichment of O3 in the lower tropospheric layers. When the highly polluted urban plume from Madrid is affected by these dynamics, the highest Ox (O3CNO2) concentrations are recorded in the MMA. Vertical O3 profiles during venting episodes, with strong synoptic winds and a deepening of the planetary boundary layer reaching > 2000ma.s.l., were characterised by an upward gradient in O3 levels, whereas a reverse situation with O3 concentration maxima at lower levels was found during the accumulation episodes due to local and/or regional production. The two contributions to O3 surface levels (fumigation from high-altitude strata, a high O3 background, and/or regional production) require very different approaches for policy actions. In contrast to O3 vertical top-down transfer, UFPs are formed in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and are transferred upwards progressively with the increase in PBL growth. © Author(s) 2018. ; Acknowledgements. The present work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing, Food and Environment, the Madrid City Council and Madrid Regional Government, and by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER funds under the project HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R) and the Gen-eralitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41). Part of this research was supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment through "The Eco-Innovation project". Support is also acknowledged from the CUD of Zaragoza (project CUD 2016-05), UPV/EHU (UFI 11/47, GIU 16/03), the project PROACLIM CGL2014-52877-R, the City Council of Majadahonda for logistic support, AEMET for providing surface meteorological data, and data from radio soundings and ozone free soundings. We thank Alava Ingenieros, TSI, Solma Environmental Solutions, and Airmodus for their support and María Díez for her computer support in the treatment of radiosonde data. Dr. Escudero has been awarded a José Castillejo grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (CAS17/00108). ; Peer reviewed

The vertical profile of new particle formation (NPF) events was studied by comparing the aerosol size number distributions measured aloft and at surface level in a suburban environment in Madrid, Spain, using airborne instruments. The horizontal distribution and regional impact of the NPF events was investigated with data from three urban, urban background, and suburban stations in the Madrid metropolitan area. Intensive regional NPF episodes followed by particle growth were simultaneously recorded at three stations in and around Madrid during a field campaign in July 2016. The urban stations presented larger formation rates compared to the suburban station. Condensation and coagulation sinks followed a similar evolution at all stations, with higher values at urban stations. However, the total number concentration of particles larger than 2.5 nm was lower at the urban station and peaked around noon, when black carbon (BC) levels are at a minimum. The vertical soundings demonstrated that ultrafine particles (UFPs) are formed exclusively inside the mixed layer. As convection becomes more effective and the mixed layer grows, UFPs are detected at higher levels. The morning soundings revealed the presence of a residual layer in the upper levels in which aged particles (nucleated and grown on previous days) prevail. The particles in this layer also grow in size, with growth rates significantly smaller than those inside the mixed layer. Under conditions with strong enough convection, the soundings revealed homogeneous number size distributions and growth rates at all altitudes, which follow the same evolution at the other stations considered in this study. This indicates that UFPs are detected quasi-homogenously in an area spanning at least 17 km horizontally. The NPF events extend over the full vertical extension of the mixed layer, which can reach as high as 3000 m in the area, according to previous studies. On some days a marked decline in particle size (shrinkage) was observed in the afternoon, associated with a change in air masses. Additionally, a few nocturnal nucleation-mode bursts were observed at the urban stations, for which further research is needed to elucidate their origin. © Author(s) 2018. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing, Food and Environment; the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness; the Madrid City Council and Regional Government; FEDER funds under the project HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R); the CUD of Zaragoza (project CUD 2016-05); the Government of Catalonia (AGAUR 2017 SGR44); and the Korean Ministry of Environment through "The Eco-Innovation project". The funding received by ERA-PLANET (http://www.era-planet.eu, last access: 16 November 2018), the trans-national project SMURBS (http://www.smurbs.eu, last access: 16 November 2018) (Grant agreement No. 689443), and the support of the Academy of Finland via the Center of Excellence in Atmospheric Sciences are acknowledged. These results are part of a project (ATM-GTP/ERC) that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 742206). The authors also acknowledge the Doctoral program of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Helsinki (ATM-DP). Markku Kulmala acknowledges the support of the Academy of Finland via his Academy Professorship (no. 302958). We also thank the City Council of Majadahonda for logistic assistance, and the Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Alava Ingenieros, TSI, Solma Environmental Solutions, and Airmodus for their support. ; Peer reviewed