Suchergebnisse

The major objective of this research is to examine the relationship between poverty, income inequality and economic growth from some selected developing countries. This study uses panel data for the period of 2002-2015. All the data is taken from world development indicators (WDI). To find out the results, we have used Hausman test an econometrics technique for panel data in this research. The results of the study indicate that poverty and income inequality have a negative impact on economic growth on the other hand Gross capital formation, labor force, total population and government consumption and expenditure have a positive impact on economic growth. The result tells us that changes in these variables have a significant and positive effect on the dependent variable. To achieve the goal of economic growth developing countries should reduce poverty and take meaningful steps to overcome the problem of inequality in the society which can be very helpful in achieving the goal of economic growth.

This study is related to recognize the effect of inflation on economic growth in the case of Pakistan. Inflation is a state when the general price level moves to increase. A large number of people say that if unnecessary money pursues meager goods this state is called inflation. This analysis is comprised of data from 1981 to 2014. Selected variables are Gross Domestic Product growth rate, Inflation, Child labor force, Unemployment, and Gross fixed capital formation. The inflation will work only if the rising price process prevails in the country and increases in wages, devaluation of the currency, an increase in oil prices, and an increase in indirect taxes. This finding fails to provide credibility in the direction of observation that developing countries are confronting a persistent decline in the gross domestic product due to the devaluation of the currency. ARDL technique and unit root test are used to find stationary. There is no single solution to the conflict. So, the Government should accept those measures such as monetary and non-monetary to fight it. These measures can be classified as under monetary measures, Fiscal measures and General measures. Credit rationing put to get a better gross domestic product. Policy commands that Pakistan should adopt an energetic plan for encouraging gross domestic product utilizing exceeding channels.

The study examines the impact of globalization and institutional quality on environmental degradation in Pakistan. The study employs symmetric and asymmetric Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) at a time to check the linear and nonlinear effect of globalization on the environment over 1985 to 2017. The long-run findings of linear ARDL shows globalization affect positively to the environment and all other control variables FDI, GDP are significant with a positive sign while institutional quality and the interaction term of globalization and institutional quality is significant with a negative sign. The study also finds the marginal effect of interaction term and found that globalization has a different effect on the environment with different level of institutional quality. The linear ARDL model is not suitable to check the asymmetric behaviour of globalization on the environment. For this, the study applied a nonlinear ARDL estimation method. The findings of the nonlinear ARDL model showed the asymmetric behaviour of globalization on the environment. This study provides a new direction by proving the asymmetric relationship of globalization on environment quality that is more beneficial for policymakers and government officials.

This paper investigates the long run and short run relationships of monetary policy, inflation and economic growth in Pakistan using co-integration and causality analysis during the period 0f 1972-2010. A large number of empirical studies on the relationships of monetary policy and inflation are available and most of these have analyzed the effectiveness of monetary policy in controlling inflation in Pakistan. The present study fills the gap in the literature by analyzing the nexus of monetary policy, inflation and growth in Pakistan. The results indicate that credit to private sector, the variable of financial depth, real exchange rate and budget deficit are found elastic and significant variables to influence the real GDP in Pakistan. The pair-wise Granger Causality results suggest that real GDP and real exchange rate are causing to each other bi-directionally. The real GDP also do cause financial depth (M2GD), domestic credit (CREDIT) and budget deficit (BDEF) uni-directionally. The real exchange rate is also causing the financial depth and budget deficit variables. The results are consistent with the empirical literature.

Climate change has become one of the most imperative snags of this century. Climate change is a grave global threat, and Pakistan has been ranked eighth on the list of countries most vulnerable to climate change by the German watch Global Climate Risk Index. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), the foremost contributor to global warming, seems to provoke this problem. Agriculture-based economies have always been dependent on the vagaries of nature and climate. This study in your hand underscores climate change, global warming and government economic policies footprint on four major crop production (Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane, and Cotton) in Pakistan with the help of time-series data acquired from 1977 to 2016. The ARDL bounds espouse test technique relied on ADF test results. The study concluded that climate change and government economic policies have a positive influence on crops produced in the long as well as short-run except global warming and input index, which have a negative influence in the short run. Policymakers and researchers must drive attention to adopt advanced cultivation processes through farming practice through international research institutions' assistance.

The study scrutinizes the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions on the economic growth of Pakistan. This study employs an autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) that covers the data range from 1990 to 2017. The results showed that renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission have positive while non-renewable energy consumption negatively influence the economic growth of Pakistan. Based on the findings, thereby Pakistan should take different steps to control over-dependence on non-renewable energy sources that affect economic growth adversely. Nevertheless, Pakistani government officials and private firms try to focus on innovative methods to finance recoverable energy projects.

Manifestos of political parties are considered the roadmap of any political party to work for the well-being of the people and to persuade them to vote for that party. The present research critically analyses the religio-political elements present in the manifestos published during 2013-2018 of three Pakistani political parties (PTI, PML-N & JIP). The researchers have employed Dijk's 2004, 2009 and Wodak 2001 analytical model to analyze the discourse of manifestos of PTI, PML-N & JIP. The levels of analysis include othering, lexicalization, allusion and authority. The research finds that these three political parties have associated religion with different social and political activities to do politics. The quantification of data in terms of religious representation highlights that PTI has made use of religious aspects 40 times, PML-N 214 times and JIP 236 times in their manifestos. Additionally, the research highlights that political manifestos are among the best sites for the investment of religio-political ideology.

This study analyzed the association between household employment and household poverty using logit regression on survey data of Multan District. It is found that qualification of household head, gender of household head, household employment rate, number of males employed in formal sector, number of females employed in informal sector, females permitted to paid work outside home, female's autonomy to utilize household resources, possession of agricultural land, residence, possession of livestock and government health facility in household's vicinity have significantly negative impact on probability of household's poverty. Household size and number of children (≤ 5 years) are positively associated with household poverty. It is suggested that empowering women and creating productive employment opportunities in both formal and informal sectors may help to reduce poverty..

The precise objective of the research is to empirically analyze the interdependence between military expenditure, income inequality and economic growth in 51 developing nations. For this purpose, study is used aggregate and disaggregate data analysis of developing countries on the basis of democracy. To tackle the endogeneity between the variables, three-stage least squares (3SLS) econometric technique is used for the current analysis by using dataset spanning over 2000-2020. Data for the variables used is obtained from different sources including World Bank, World Governance Indicator, International Country Risk Guide and World Income Inequality Database. The 3SLS result for the military expenditure shows that higher level of military expenditure reduces the income inequality and economic growth. The result for income inequality shows that it impedes the economic growth and also reduces the military expenditure in developing countries. The results of the third model of economic growth shows that increase in economic growth will negatively affects the income inequality and military expenditure. In this study, the disaggregate analysis is done on the basis of democracy level by splitting the countries into two groups namely democratic countries and authoritarian countries. The results of the democratic countries are same with the results of combine data analysis,while in the case of authoritarian countries results are same with aggregate data analysis except the economic growth which has insignificant impact.

The concept of endogenous growth states that economic growth is caused by variables within the economy rather than external ones. This study's major goal is to demonstrate the link between education, human capital, and endogenous growth in Pakistan. For the period 1990–2021, time series data is used. The stationary is confirmed using the augmented dickey fuller (ADF) method. In this research, the non linear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) technique is employed for the empirical analysis. Gross domestic product (GDP), education enrolment, human capital, inflation, trade, and gross fixed capital formation are the factors examined in this study. In the current research, gross domestic product, education enrollment, and human capital are dependent variables, while inflation, trade, gross fixed capital formation and education enrollment are independent variables. Inflation shows an inverse relationship with the gross domestic product, while trade and education enrollment show a positive relationship with the gross domestic product. Gross fixed capital formation shows an inverse relationship with human capital, while education enrollment and inflation also show a negative relationship with human capital. Gross fixed capital formation and trade show a positive impact on education enrollment, while inflation shows a negative impact on education enrollment. It is recommended that the government should decrease inflation to increase gross domestic product (GDP). This study suggests that education enrollment (EDUENROLL), trade (TRADE), and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) also increase.

Objective: This study aims to examine the influence of Trade Liberalization, Environmental Quality (CO2 Emission) on Services Sector Growth in some selected developing. Methodology: The estimation of the study considers panel data unit root and panel data ARDL approach. The environmental quality is represented by Carbon Dioxide Emission and trade liberalization is by trade openness. Findings: The results of Panel Unit Root test summarize that Panel ARDL is the most appropriate method of estimation for having Panel Coefficient values due to mixed order of integration for developing countries. Implications: The empirical findings of model, in Developing Countries, Labor Force, Capital Stock, Trade Openness, Money Supply, Government Expenditure and Human Capital exert upward pressure on Services Value Addition while Carbon Dioxide Emission and Price Level is putting download pressure on Services Value Addition.