nach dem Französischen [des Sewrin] von Carl Willms. Musik von Boieldieu ; Rollen: Marchese Sangallo (Hr. Gnauth); Gräfin Emilie Pignatelli eine junge Wittwe, seine Nichte (Mad. Lembert); Rosa, ihr Kammermädchen (Mad. Müller); Genoveva, seine Frau (Md. Fischer-Vernier); Graf Calzada, in Militär-Diensten (Hr. Löhle); Antonio, sein Kammerdiener (Hr. Häser); Ein Sträußermädchen (Dem. Beck); Ein Bedienter (Hr. Stadelbauer); u.a. ; Franz. Textverf. ermittelt ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Slg.Her 2821
The building sector has a major role to play in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, residential and non-residential buildings account for 40% total energy consumption in the European union. In addition, given that 80% of building energy demand come from heating, thermal insulation is a domain with great potential for energy savings.The estimation of the thermal performance of a building usually relies on theoretical calculations. When in situ measurements are performed, the results often show some discrepancies with predictions: this is the so-called "performance gap". Thus, it is important to distinguish the contribution of each element of the building envelope to the overall energy losses. In particular, "thermal bridges" (insulation irregularities) generate locally additional heat losses. They may also alter the thermal comfort of inhabitants as well as lead to mould growth issues.This thesis proposes several methods for the in situ estimation of heat losses in a building wall or in a thermal bridge. The methodology consists in applying an artificial thermal load to the wall and to analyze its transient response. This "active" approach is usually faster and less sensitive to weather conditions than standard steady-state methods. In practice, the indoor air is heated, and both the temperature and heat flux are measured on the wall surface. An inverse method then estimates the thermal resistance of the wall by fitting a model (direct model) to these transient measurements. The well-posedness of the inverse problem is assessed thanks to several mathematical tools. Some model reduction steps are required for the parameters of the direct model to be estimable with the desired uncertainty.In the case of a homogeneous wall, temperatures and heat fluxes are measured with contact sensors at one specific location. For a non-homogeneous wall or a thermal bridge, these local contact measurements are extrapolated to the rest of the wall thanks to infrared thermography and the quantification of the total ...
The building sector has a major role to play in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, residential and non-residential buildings account for 40% total energy consumption in the European union. In addition, given that 80% of building energy demand come from heating, thermal insulation is a domain with great potential for energy savings.The estimation of the thermal performance of a building usually relies on theoretical calculations. When in situ measurements are performed, the results often show some discrepancies with predictions: this is the so-called "performance gap". Thus, it is important to distinguish the contribution of each element of the building envelope to the overall energy losses. In particular, "thermal bridges" (insulation irregularities) generate locally additional heat losses. They may also alter the thermal comfort of inhabitants as well as lead to mould growth issues.This thesis proposes several methods for the in situ estimation of heat losses in a building wall or in a thermal bridge. The methodology consists in applying an artificial thermal load to the wall and to analyze its transient response. This "active" approach is usually faster and less sensitive to weather conditions than standard steady-state methods. In practice, the indoor air is heated, and both the temperature and heat flux are measured on the wall surface. An inverse method then estimates the thermal resistance of the wall by fitting a model (direct model) to these transient measurements. The well-posedness of the inverse problem is assessed thanks to several mathematical tools. Some model reduction steps are required for the parameters of the direct model to be estimable with the desired uncertainty.In the case of a homogeneous wall, temperatures and heat fluxes are measured with contact sensors at one specific location. For a non-homogeneous wall or a thermal bridge, these local contact measurements are extrapolated to the rest of the wall thanks to infrared thermography and the quantification of the total heat transfer coefficient. For this purpose, several methods were developed to measure this coefficient in situ. Thanks to this extrapolation procedure, the inverse method can estimate the thermal resistance (or thermal transmittance) of an equivalent homogeneous wall having the same behavior as the real wall.The methods developed were validated on four experimental campaigns. Measurements were carried out in laboratory, in a climate chamber, and in situ. Different types of wall (heavyweight internally insulated wall, lightweight insulated wall) were tested. Several types of material-related thermal bridges were also investigated (mainly high-conductive materials in insulation systems). The results were compared to reference values obtained from steady-state measurements. Indeed, several methods for the characterization of thermal bridges in steady-state were compared: some are inspired from the literature, others are original. ; Le secteur du bâtiment a un rôle majeur à jouer dans la réduction des émissions de gazes à effet de serre. En effet, les bâtiments (résidentiels et non-résidentiels) représentent 40% de la consommation d'énergie totale en Europe. De plus, étant donné que 80% des besoins énergétiques des bâtiments proviennent du chauffage, l'isolation thermique représente un grand potentiel d'économies d'énergie. L'estimation des performances thermiques d'un bâtiment repose la plupart du temps sur des calculs théoriques. Quand des mesures de terrain son réalisées, les résultats montrent souvent des écarts par rapport aux prédictions. Ainsi, il est important de pouvoir distinguer les contributions de chaque élément de l'enveloppe du bâtiment aux déperditions totales. En particulier, les « ponts thermiques » (irrégularités et défauts dans l'isolation), génèrent localement des pertes supplémentaires. De plus, ils peuvent altérer le confort des habitants et engendrer de problèmes de développement de moisissures. Cette thèse propose plusieurs méthodes permettant de mesurer sur le terrain les déperditions thermiques à travers une paroi de bâtiment ou un pont thermique. La méthode consiste à chauffer artificiellement le mur et à analyser sa réponse transitoire à cette sollicitation. Cette approche, dite « active », est en général plus rapide et moins sensible aux conditions météorologiques que les méthodes en régime stationnaire habituelles. En pratique, l'air intérieur est chauffé, et la température et le flux thermique sont tous les deux mesurés à la surface du mur. Une méthode inverse estime ensuite la résistance thermique de la paroi en calant un modèle sur ces mesures (modèle direct). Le caractère bien-posé du problème inverse est évalué grâce à divers outils mathématiques. Des étapes de réduction de modèle sont nécessaires pour que les paramètres inconnus du modèle direct utilisé puissent être estimés avec une incertitude correcte.Dans le cas d'une paroi courante homogène, les températures et les flux sont mesurés à un endroit spécifique, supposé représentatif de l'ensemble du mur. Pour une paroi non-homogène ou un pont thermique, ces mesures locales par contact sont extrapolées au reste du mur grâce des mesures infrarouges et à la quantification du coefficient d'échange total en surface. A ces fins, plusieurs méthodes ont été développées pour mesurer ce coefficient sur le terrain. Grâce à cette procédure d'extrapolation, les méthodes inverses peuvent estimer la résistance (ou la transmittance) thermique d'un mur homogène équivalent ayant le même comportement que le mur réel.Les méthodes développées ont été validées sur quatre campagnes expérimentales. Des mesures ont été réalisées en laboratoire, en chambre climatique, puis en conditions réelles. Différents types de parois (mur porteur isolé par l'intérieur, paroi légère) ont été testés. Plusieurs types de ponts thermiques intégrés ont également été étudiés. Les résultats ont été comparés à des valeurs de référence obtenues grâce à des mesures en régime stationnaire. En effet, plusieurs méthodes pour la caractérisation des ponts thermiques en régime permanent ont été comparées : certaines proviennent de la littérature, d'autres ont été développées pendant cette thèse.
International audience ; The performance gap between the design and the as-built energy performance of buildings is considered a significant risk that may compromise the efforts on meeting the carbon reduction targets set by governments in Europe. The relative importance of irregularities or defects within building walls is more prominent when the thermal insulation level increases. It is thus necessary to quantify the global thermal insulation level of building walls (i.e., including thermal bridges). Classical contact measurement methods only allow local measurements and would thus require the use of a high number of sensors which would limit their applicability. Besides, the presence of thermal bridges prevents the use of contact heat flux measurements because of the 2D or 3D nature of the associated heat transfers through the building walls. To overcome these limitations, the present study proposes an alternative approach consisting in measuring the heat flux on one location and extrapolating its value on the whole building wall through the measurement of the total heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, we developed and/or further improved five different in situ measurement methods of the total heat transfer coefficient on building walls. The measurement methods were thoroughly tested indoor thanks to lab-scale experiments carried out both in steady-state and transient regimes. The results obtained demonstrated the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed methods, as well as their intrinsic limitations. These in situ methods can be used to assess the heat losses on a whole building wall, including the contribution of thermal bridges.
International audience ; The performance gap between the design and the as-built energy performance of buildings is considered a significant risk that may compromise the efforts on meeting the carbon reduction targets set by governments in Europe. The relative importance of irregularities or defects within building walls is more prominent when the thermal insulation level increases. It is thus necessary to quantify the global thermal insulation level of building walls (i.e., including thermal bridges). Classical contact measurement methods only allow local measurements and would thus require the use of a high number of sensors which would limit their applicability. Besides, the presence of thermal bridges prevents the use of contact heat flux measurements because of the 2D or 3D nature of the associated heat transfers through the building walls. To overcome these limitations, the present study proposes an alternative approach consisting in measuring the heat flux on one location and extrapolating its value on the whole building wall through the measurement of the total heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, we developed and/or further improved five different in situ measurement methods of the total heat transfer coefficient on building walls. The measurement methods were thoroughly tested indoor thanks to lab-scale experiments carried out both in steady-state and transient regimes. The results obtained demonstrated the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed methods, as well as their intrinsic limitations. These in situ methods can be used to assess the heat losses on a whole building wall, including the contribution of thermal bridges.
