Suchergebnisse

This article engages with the resistance against the global erosion of seed diversity followingthe modernization and industrialization of agriculture over the 20th century. This resistance spansfrom local farming communities that preserve and safeguard traditional landraces to internationalmovements which oppose proprietary seed regulations and promote free sharing of seeds. The articlefocuses on the latter and presents a study of the open source seed movement: an initiative to applystrategies from the open source software movement to ensure the free circulation of seeds. The erosionof seed diversity can be seen not only as a loss of genetic diversity but also a memory loss wheretraditional, collective knowledge about how to grow certain landraces is forgotten. Consequently, theopen source seed movement is not only about saving seeds but also about preserving and revitalizinglocal and traditional ecological knowledge against privatization and enclosure through intellectualproperty rights. The aim of this article is, thus, to analyze the open source seed movement as an actof revitalization in relation to intellectual property rights and in the context of information politics.

This article analyzes India's Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) as a potential intervention in the administration of patent law. The TKDL is a database including a vast body of traditional medical knowledge from India, aiming to prevent the patenting and misappropriation of that knowledge. This article contextualizes the TKDL in relation to documentation theory as well as to existing research on the uses of databases to protect traditional knowledge. It explores the TKDL's potential consequences for India's traditional medical knowledge and the wider implications that traditional knowledge databases can have for the safeguarding of traditional knowledge in general. The article concludes that on the one hand the TKDL bridges the gap between the main branches of Indian traditional medicine and the formal knowledge system of International Patent Classifications. Furthermore, it has also inspired revisions of the International Patent Classification system, which makes it better adapted to incorporate traditional medical knowledge. On the other hand, critical research on traditional knowledge documentation argues that traditional knowledge databases, like the TKDL, can decontextualize the knowledge they catalogue and dispossess its original owners. The TKDL, however, also fits into a national, Indian agenda of documenting and modernizing traditional medicine that predates the formation of the TKDL by several decades and challenges the dichotomy between traditional and scientific knowledge systems that originally motivated the formation of the TKDL. ; Funding: European Research Council (ERC) under the European UnionEuropean Research Council (ERC) [741095-PASSIMERC-2016-AdG] ; Passim: Patents as Scientific Information 1895-2020

In the first decade of the 21s century, copyright was high on the political agenda as activists and academics criticised how stricter implementations of copyright laws limited the public access to culture and knowledge and enclosed the information commons. A decade later, streaming media and data mining have changed the information-political agenda, shifting the focus from piracy to privacy, giving concepts such as access to knowledge and information commons new meanings. This article relates the copyfights of the early 2000nds to more recent copyright discussions. It relies on a series of interviews with members of the Pirate Party, conducted between 2011 and 2015 and connects them to more recent debates about the European Union Directive on Copyright for the Digital Single Market (COM/2016/0593) that was passed in march 2019. The article asks if and how the information commons movement and the international political agenda about intellectual property rights and access to information have changed with the rise of a digital economy build around streaming media and data mining.

In the first decade of the 21s century, copyright was high on the political agenda as activists and academics criticised how stricter implementations of copyright laws limited the public access to culture and knowledge and enclosed the information commons. A decade later, streaming media and data mining have changed the information-political agenda, shifting the focus from piracy to privacy, giving concepts such as access to knowledge and information commons new meanings. This article relates the copyfights of the early 2000nds to more recent copyright discussions. It relies on a series of interviews with members of the Pirate Party, conducted between 2011 and 2015 and connects them to more recent debates about the European Union Directive on Copyright for the Digital Single Market (COM/2016/0593) that was passed in march 2019. The article asks if and how the information commons movement and the international political agenda about intellectual property rights and access to information have changed with the rise of a digital economy build around streaming media and data mining. ; Funding agencies:This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council and the Marie Skldowska Curie Actions under Grant E0633901. ; Commons and Commodities

AbstractThe ideas and ideals of authorship and the discourse on property rights that emerged in parallel since the 18thcentury have come to form the bedrock of copyright law. Critical copyright scholars argue that this construction of authorship and ownership contributes to individualisation and privatisation of artistic works that disregards the collective aspects of creativity. It also embodies a certain kind of authorial character-or "author function" as Michel Foucault puts it-imbued with racial and gendered powers and privileges. While the gendered and racialised biases of intellectual property rights are well documented within copyright research, the commodification of ideas and cultural expressions relies on individualisation of creativity that is significant not only to the cultural economy but also to the 20th-century notion of the entrepreneur as the protagonist of capitalism. This article relates the idea of the entrepreneur to the deconstruction of authorship that was initiated by Foucault and Roland Barthes in the late 1960s, and the critique of an author-centred IPR regime developed by law scholars in the 1990s. It asks if and how the deconstruction of the author as a cultural and ideological persona that underpins the privatisation of immaterial resources can help us understand the construction and function of the entrepreneur in extractive capitalism.

Since the 1990s, the understanding of how and where politics are made has changed radically. Scholars such as Ulrich Beck and Maria Bakardjieva have discussed how political agency is enacted outside of conventional party organizations, and political struggles increasingly focus on single issues. Over the past two decades, this transformation of politics has become common knowledge, not only in academic research but also in the general political discourse. Recently, the proliferation of digital activism and the political use of social media are often understood to enforce these tendencies. This article analyzes the Pirate Party in relation to these theories, relying on almost 30 interviews with active Pirate Party members from different parts of the world. The Pirate Party was initially formed in 2006, focusing on copyright, piracy, and digital privacy. Over the years, it has developed into a more general democracy movement, with an interest in a wider range of issues. This article analyzes how the party's initial focus on information politics and social media connects to a wider range of political issues and to other social movements, such as Arab Spring protests and Occupy Wall Street. Finally, it discusses how this challenges the understanding of information politics as a single issue agenda. ; Piratkopieringens ideologi

This article draws on a series of interviews with members of the Pirate Party, a political party focusing on copyright and information politics, in different countries. It discusses the interviewees' visions of democracy and technology and explains that copyright is seen as not only an obstacle to the free consumption of music and movies but a threat to the freedom of speech, the right to privacy, and a thriving public sphere. The first part of this article briefly sketches how the Pirate Party's commitment to the democratic potential of new communication technologies can be interpreted as a defense of a digitally expanded lifeworld against the attempts at colonization by market forces and state bureaucracies. The second part problematizes this assumption by discussing the interactions between the Pirate movement and the tech industry in relation to recent theories on the connection between political agency and social media.

This article draws on a series of interviews with members of the Pirate Party, a political party focusing on copyright and information politics, in different countries. It discusses the interviewees' visions of democracy and technology and explains that copyright is seen as not only an obstacle to the free consumption of music and movies but a threat to the freedom of speech, the right to privacy, and a thriving public sphere. The first part of this article briefly sketches how the Pirate Party's commitment to the democratic potential of new communication technologies can be interpreted as a defense of a digitally expanded lifeworld against the attempts at colonization by market forces and state bureaucracies. The second part problematizes this assumption by discussing the interactions between the Pirate movement and the tech industry in relation to recent theories on the connection between political agency and social media. ; Funding text: Helge Ax:son Johnson foundation; Olle Engqvist foundation; Ake Wiberg foundation; Lars Hierta foundation; Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences) ; Piratkopieringens ideolog: En studie av piratkopiering, upphovsrätt och modernitet i Sverige, USA och Australien

This article approaches the recent debates about copyright and piracy from a cultural and historical perspective, discussing how problems surrounding intellectual property rights (IPR) reflect cultural conflicts that are central to cultural studies. It sets out with a study of how international copyright norms developed in nineteenth-century Europe were implemented in two different national contexts: Sweden and the USA. This historical background shows how copyright has been embedded in the cultural history of Europe and intertwined with the idea of an evolving Western civilization. The examples from the past are thus used to highlight the underlying cultural implications that affect the contemporary discussions. Particular interest is paid to how the historical association between the spread of copyright and the development of civilization affects the understanding of Asian piracy and Western file sharing today, and how a multitude of social movements both in the West and the Third World simultaneously challenge the cultural legitimacy of the current system of IPR. Eventually this is also taken as an example of how law and culture intersect and how the broad, interdisciplinary field of copyright studies that has emerged over the last decade can be seen as an extension of the cultural studies tradition.

A political battle is being waged over the use and control of culture and information. While media companies and copyright organisations argue for stricter intellectual property laws, a growing body of citizens and netizens challenge the contemporary Intellectual property-regime. Lately this has resulted in what could be described as a political mobilisation of piracy. This is maybe most evident in the formation of pirate parties that see themselves as a digital civil rights movement defending the public domain and the citizen's right to privacy against copyright expansionism and increased surveillance. Since the first pirate party was formed in Sweden in 2006, similar parties have spread across the world, from USA to Australia. This presentation draws on a study of the culture and ideology of copyright resistance which involves a series of interviews with representatives of pirate parties in USA and Canada. The study looks into what ideas, ideals and aspirations motivate active pirate party members in North America and how this relates to traditional values of a modern, democratic society such as freedom of speech, respect for private property and the public access to culture and information. This presentation focuses particularly on the role of democracy and citizenship in pirate politics. It discusses how the pirate ideology envisions the relationship between the citizen and society in a time when digital technology rapidly and radically changes the conditions for political and social agency and participation. Does a movement that relies so much on global networking and sees the principles of swarm intelligence and open source collaboration as the future of democracy also convey a relationship between the citizen and the state? How would, in that case, such a pirate citizen be defined and situated, and how does it relate to old conceptions of citizenship and existing political institutions? ; Table of Contents Introduction The Citizen in the 21 st Century James Arvanitakis and Ingrid Matthews Part 1: Global Citizenship and the Nation State 21 st Century Citizen Networks in Complex States: Shall We Dance or Play Tug-of-War? Eugene G. Kowch Nomos Beyond the Earth Josh Entsminger Israeli Narratives to the Diaspora and the Construction of an Unequal Diasporic Citizenship Shahar Burla Arendtian Deliberation on the Decline of Political Public Space: The Case of Postwar Japanese Citizenship Yaya Mori Multiple Nationality and the (Ab)Use of Citizenship: Identity Opportunity and Risk Anna Tsalapatanis Part 2: Migrant Citizens and Non-Citizens Migrating Rights Laurie Berg Asian Democracy and the Problem of Membership: Rules of Exception and 'Legitimate' Discrimination against Migrants in South Korea Sohoon Lee Expanding the Citizen in Multicultural Policymaking Rimi Khan Universalising Citizenship as Identity? Identity Liberalism and the Paradox of Universalism Francis Luong Part 3: Leadership, Membership, Belonging: Young Citizens in the 21 st Century Expanding Citizenship: Expanding Our Understanding Mitra Gusheh and Anna Powell Teaching and Learning Citizenship: From the Margins to the Centre Ingrid Matthews 'The Kids Are Alright, It's Just Youth in Trouble': Re-Thinking Civic Competence through a Presence Model of Youth Citizenship Identity Jennifer Upchurch Part 4: Environmental Citizenship Environment and Citizenship: Rethinking What It Means to Be a Citizen in the 21 st Century Benito Cao Environmental Citizenship: A Case Study of the Global Young Greens Alex Surace and Amy Tyler Practicing an Individual Ethics of Sustainability Chris Riedy Part 5: Empowering the 21 st Century Citizen Engagement and Citizenship: Universities in the Contemporary World James Arvanitakis and Bob Hodge An Open Source Project for Politics: Visions of Democracy and Citizenship in American Pirate Parties Martin Fredriksson A 21 st Century Citizen in a Brave New Republic Spike Boydell Conclusion The 21 st Century Citizen and Beyond Ingrid Matthews and James Arvanitakis

Senmoderna reflexioner. Festskrift till Johan Fornäs, är en antologi med tjugotre artiklar tillägnade Johan Fornäs på hans 60-årsdag den 7 mars 2012. Flera av artiklarna utgår från teman i Johan Fornäs böcker, medan andra på olika sätt behandlar ämnen relaterade till hans breda och mångfacetterade intresseområden. Boken är indelad i fyra tematiska delar, som behandlar olika praktiker: teoretiska, mediala, estetiska och litterära. Under rubriken "teoretiska praktiker" diskuteras olika aspekter av hermeneutik, kulturalisering och kulturellt kapital. Under "mediala praktiker" återfinns studier av samtida mediefenomen och deras relationer till demokrati och politik. "Estetiska praktiker" innefattar bidrag som diskuterar kulturella praktikers funktion i den offentliga sfären. I den avslutande delen, "litterära praktiker", analyseras utvalda litterära texter och den diskurs som omger dem. Huvuddelen av artiklarna är skrivna på svenska, med undantag av tre engelska bidrag. ; Late modern reflexions: Festschrift for Johan Fornäs is an anthology of more than twenty essays dedicated to Johan Fornäs on his 60th birthday 7th of mars 2012. Several of the articles included take Johan Fornäs' books as their starting point, while others are related, in different ways, to his wide and diverse interests. The book is divided into four thematic parts, dealing with "Theoretical Practices", "Medial Practices". "Aesthetic Practices" and "Literary Practices". Articles included under "Theoretical Practices" discuss different aspects of hermenutics, culturalization, and cultural capital. "Medial Practices" offers studies of contemporary media phenomena, relating them to questions of democracy and politics."Aesthetic Practices" include contributions that discuss the function of different cultural practices in the public sphere. The last section, "Literary Practices", takes a closer look at both select literary texts and the discourses surrounding them. Most of the Articles are written in Swedish, with the exception of three articles in English.

Over the last decade piracy has become a source of constant debate. While copyright organisations describe piracy as simple theft, others regard it as a legitimate form of cultural consumption in a digital environment. Piracy is, however, not a phenomenon unique to digital media of the 21st century. This article takes the history of copyright and piracy as a starting point for a discussion about piracy as a cultural and political phenomenon that goes beyond the contemporary preoccupation with particular piratical practices such as file sharing. It seeks to show how copyright and piracy are integrated aspects of modern society, equally situated in the urban, social space of the modern city and the global, geopolitical landscape of colonialism in the past and the present. One might call it a study of how piracy is constituted in space over time. The article sets out with a short overview of the colonial heritage of copyright, followed by a discussion of the re-contextualisation of copyright within the structures of international trade relations in the 1990s, moving on to discuss how this positioned piracy within a postcolonial order of power. It concludes with a brief discussion of how piracy has become an integrated part of everyday life in contemporary, postcolonial cities and how this development reflects piracy's role in the process of late capitalist globalisation.