Abstract. Objective. To analyze the association of total globalization and its different dimensions with overweight and obesity in 10 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries between 1995 and 2013. Materials and methods. A sample of 848 405 women aged 20-49 was analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were used, adjusting for individual- and country-level confounding factors. To evaluate nonlinearities, four levels were defined through quartiles and divided into four dummy variables. Results. Total globalization had a positive association with overweight and obesity. Three dimensions of globalization (economic, political and social) indicated an increase in overweight and obesity. Social globalization presented polynomial behaviour, whereas, in political and economic globalization, a concave relation was observed. Conclusion. The economic, political and social dimensions had a positive association with overweight and obesity. ; Resumen: Objetivo. Analizar la asociación entre la globalización total y sus diferentes dimensiones con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en 10 países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) entre el periodo 1995 y 2013. Material y métodos. Se analizó una muestra de 848 405 mujeres de 20 a 49 años. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística múltiple, ajustando por factores de confusión a nivel individual y país. Para evaluar no linealidades se definieron cuatro niveles a través de cuartiles y se dividieron en cuatro variables indicadoras. Resultados. La globalización total presentó una asociación positiva con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Las tres dimensiones de globalización (económica, política, social) indicaron un incremento del sobrepeso y obesidad a mayor puntaje de globalización. La globalización social presentó un comportamiento polinomial, mientras que en la globalización política y económica se observó una relación cóncava. Conclusión. Las dimensiones económicas, políticas y sociales tuvieron una asociación positiva con el sobrepeso y la obesidad.
Objective. To analyze the association of total globalization and its different dimensions with overweight and obesity in 10 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries between 1995 and 2013. Materials and methods. A sample of 848 405 women aged 20-49 was analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were used, adjusting for individual- and country-level confounding factors. To evaluate nonlinearities, four levels were defined through quartiles and divided into four dummy variables. Results. Total globalization had a positive association with overweight and obesity. Three dimensions of globalization (economic, political and social) indicated an increase in overweight and obesity. Social globalization presented polynomial behaviour, whereas, in political and economic globalization, a concave relation was observed. Conclusion. The economic, political and social dimensions had a positive association with overweight and obesity.
En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la controversia iniciada por la publicación del libro Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capitalism (PTSC) del sociólogo norteamericano Vivek Chibber, el cual trata de las limitaciones analíticas y políticas de la Teoría Pos-colonial (TP), específicamente de los Estudios Subalternos (ES). Se hará una breve reseña del argumento de Chibber y se presentarán las respuestas a su análisis, haciendo especial énfasis en la discusión acerca de la pertinencia del marxismo y el concepto de "universalización del capital" propuesto por Marx en los Grundrisse. Se concluye que la tesis marxiana de la universalización del capital debe entenderse como la globalización del modo de producción capitalista y que la historiografía del capitalismo debe incluir el papel del sur global en la conformación del capitalismo con el objetivo de dejar el eurocentrismo.
This article reviews the controversy initiated by the publication of the book Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capitalism (PTSC) by the North American sociologist Vivek Chibber, which deals with the analytical and political limitations of the Post-colonial Theory (TP), specifically of the Subaltern Studies (SS). A brief review of Chibber's argument will be made and the responses to his analysis will be presented, with special emphasis on the discussion about the relevance of Marxism and the concept of "capital's universalization" proposed by Marx in the Grundrisse. It is concluded that the Marxian thesis of the universalization of capital must be understood as the globalization of the capitalist mode of production and that the historiography of capitalism must include the role of the global south in the conformation of capitalism with the purpose of leaving eurocentrism behind. ; En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la controversia iniciada por la publicación del libro Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capitalism (PTSC) del sociólogo norteamericano Vivek Chibber, el cual trata de las limitaciones analíticas y políticas de la Teoría Pos-colonial (TP), específicamente de los Estudios Subalternos (ES). Se hará una breve reseña del argumento de Chibber y se presentarán las respuestas a su análisis, haciendo especial énfasis en la discusión acerca de la pertinencia del marxismo y el concepto de "universalización del capital" propuesto por Marx en los Grundrisse. Se concluye que la tesis marxiana de la universalización del capital debe entenderse como la globalización del modo de producción capitalista y que la historiografía del capitalismo debe incluir el papel del sur global en la conformación del capitalismo con el objetivo de dejar el eurocentrismo. ; Este artigo analisa a controvérsia iniciada com a publicação do livro do sociólogo americano Vivek Chibber, Teoria Pós-colonial e o Espectrador do Capitalismo (PTSC), que trata das limitações analíticas e políticas da Teoria Pós-colonial (PT), especificamente os Estudos Subalternos (SS). Será dada uma breve visão geral do argumento de Chibber e serão apresentadas respostas à sua análise, com ênfase especial na discussão da relevância do marxismo e do conceito de "universalização do capital" proposto por Marx na Grundrisse. Conclui-se que a tese marxista da universalização do capital deve ser entendida como a globalização do modo de produção capitalista e que a historiografia do capitalismo deve incluir o papel do sul global na formação do capitalismo, a fim de se afastar do eurocentrismo.
After 1991, Russia, heir to the Soviet Union, remains a strong State within the world order and maintains considerable human and natural resources. ftis situation allows Russia to impose her will over some of the neighboring States. However, Russia cannot longer be considered a superpower: the crisis of her rule and society debilitated her. Even after the economic recovery and stabilization, which began in 1990, this State no longer has a dominant position to impose a socio-economic or political model. Despite the aforementioned situation, Russia's capability and political will to have an influential position within international politics make of her a "Great Power" in the traditional sense of the word. Consequently, Russia leaves a privileged position within international relations to the United States of America, making of the latter a "hyperpower". Such a situation allows Washington to exercise her leadership over a significant number of States –those ruled by democracies– and to pose a more dominant model. Bearing this in mind, the article analyzes the situation of Russia during the administration of Boris Yeltsin and the beginning of the presidency of Vladimir Putin, periods known for the efforts to consolidate a strong and prosperous State, both internally and in relation to other countries. ; Después de 1991, Rusia, heredera de la Unión Soviética, es todavía un Estado importante en el sistema internacional, que conserva numerosos recursos naturales y humanos. Esto le da la posibilidad de imponer aún su ley a sus vecinos próximos, pero ya no es una superpotencia; la crisis de su imperio y de su sociedad la debilitaron considerablemente. Incluso después de la recuperación y estabilización económica que tuvo lugar desde 1990, este Estado ya no posee una posición hegemónica, lo que le impide importar o imponer un modelo socio-económico y político a seguir. Pese a esta situación, sus capacidades y su voluntad política de asumir un rango en los asuntos mundiales, hacen de ella una "gran potencia" en el sentido tradicional del término. De esta manera, Rusia le cede una posición central en las relaciones internacionales a los Estados Unidos, resultando de este hecho una "hiperpotencia", lo cual le permite a Washington liderar un campo bastante extenso, el de las democracias y proponer un modelo mucho más dominante. La presente contribución analiza la situación de Rusia bajo la administración de Boris Yeltsin y el comienzo de la presidencia de Vladímir Putin, marcados por la construcción de un Estado fuerte y próspero, tanto internamente, como en el exterior. ; Après 1991, la Russie, héritière de l'URSS, reste grande, conserve d'immenses ressources et la capacité d'imposer sa loi à ses voisins mais elle n'est plus une superpuissance. L'implosion de son empire et de sa société l'a considérablement affaiblie. Même après son redressement et sa stabilisation depuis la n des années 1990, elle n'a plus une position hégémonique, n'ayant pas par conséquence un modèle à exporter ou à imposer. Néanmoins, ses capacités et sa volonté politique d'assumer un rang en font une grande puissance au sens traditionnel du terme. Elle laisse seule les États-Unis au centre des relations internationales, devenus de ce fait une « hyperpuissance », capable de rester à la tête d'un camp élargi, celui des démocraties et de proposer un modèle encore plus dominant, continuant ainsi à fabriquer tout un système de dépendances. ; Depois de 1991, a Rússia, herdeira da União Soviética, continua a ser um Estado importante no sistema internacional, que conserva numerosos recursos naturais e humanos. Isto lhe dá a possibilidade de impor sua lei aos vizinhos, mas não é mais uma superpotência; A crise do seu império e a sua sociedade, a enfraqueceram consideravelmente. Mesmo após a recuperação e a estabilização econômica desde 1990, o estado Russo não tem mais uma posição hegemônica, o que impede a importação ou a imposição de um modelo socioeconômico e político a seguir. Apesar desta situação, suas capacidades e sua vontade política de assumir uma posição relevante nos assuntos mundiais, fazem dela uma «grande potência» no sentido tradicional do termo. Desta forma, a Rússia cede uma posição central nas relações internacionais aos Estados Unidos, resultando, deste fato uma «hiperpotência», o que permite que Washington liderar um campo bastante extenso, aquele das democracias, e propor um modelo ainda mais dominante. A presente contribuição analisa a situação da Rússia sob a administração de Boris Yeltsin, e o início da presidência de Vladimir Putin, marcados pela construção de um Estado forte e próspero, tanto no interior, como no exterior.
The inter-war period was a time when exchanges between Colombia and the rest of the world developed remarkably despite the subordination of the nation's diplomacy to the foreign policy of the United States, its main economic partner. As a result, for the Colombian government, the struggle against imperialism constituted one of the pillars of its foreign policy, calling for the strengthening of regional cooperation and the mobilization of international expertise for the material and human development of Latin American states. Influenced by the optimism born in Versailles and by Wilsonian ideals, the various succeeding administrations during this period sought to characterize regional realities and strengthen state institutions in favor of the materialization of a project of humanist democracy. ; L'entre-deux-guerres est une période où les échanges entre la Colombie et le reste du monde connurent un développement remarquable malgré l'état de subordination de sa diplomatie à l'égard de la politique étrangère des États-Unis, son principal partenaire économique. De ce fait, pour le gouvernement colombien, la lutte contre les impérialismes constitua un des piliers de sa politique étrangère, en appelant au renforcement de la coopération régionale et à la mobilisation de l'expertise internationale pour le développement matériel et humain des États latino-américains. Influencées par l'optimisme né à Versailles avec les idéaux wilsoniens, les différentes administrations qui se succédèrent durant cette période cherchèrent à caractériser la réalité régionale et renforcer les institutions étatiques pour la réalisation d'un projet de démocratie humaniste.
El siguiente artículo es producto de la monografía que presenté para obtener el título de politólogo en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia intitulada Reivindicaciones Políticas y Sociales de los raizales frente a la Constitución de 1991. Se identifican las reivindicaciones sociales y políticas de los raizales en el escenario de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, a partir de su filiación como etnia en el trabajo conjunto entre el movimiento raizal S.O.S (Sons of the Soil) y la Constituyente Indígena, y de las declaraciones conjuntas entre dicho movimiento y la ONIC (Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia). Finalmente, se indicarán algunos problemas —respecto de las reivindicaciones enunciadas en la Asamblea Constituyente de 1991— resultantes de tal reconocimiento constitucional y sus consecuencias para la etnia raizal y la manera en que estos se han hecho evidentes. ; This paper is a result of the monograph entitled Reivindicaciones políticas y sociales de los raizales frente a la Constitución de 19912 submitted by me in order to get the degree as Politologue at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Herein I identify the political and social demands of the raizal ethnical group at the National Constituent Assembly of 1991, based on the filiation of the Sons of the Soil Movement (S.O.S) with the Indigenous Constituent, and the joint declarations of this movement and the ONIC (Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia). Finally, this paper will show some of the issues arising from the constitutional recognition of the raizal people and its consequences on this ethnical group as well as the way in which these issues have become evident.
RESUMEN La metamorfosis de un país se logra únicamente con la planificación estratégica, política que permite la articulación legislativa racional, viabiliza los diferentes multiniveles en una red nacional de planificación, acompañada de una serie de normas, de actores políticos, y sociedades que organizan las metas y su cumplimiento. La transformación, el diseño, producción y distribución de bienes y servicios para satisfacer necesidades sociales, requieren de un cónclave de operaciones estratégicamente imbricadas y realizadas con exactitud, permite la representación lógica de resultados óptimos con estimaciones ventajosas para un fin en común, representadas en la recopilación, tabulación, análisis, síntesis, interpretación y comparación de información diagnóstica sobre el elemento investigado. PALABRAS CLAVE: Planificación. Planificación turística. Niveles de planificación ABSTRACT The metamorphosis of a country is achieved only with strategic planning, policy that allows the rational legislative articulation, making possible the various multi-level into a national network planning, accompanied by a series of standards, political actors and societies that organize goals and compliance. Processing, design, production and distribution of goods and services to meet social needs, require a conclave of operations strategically imbricated and carried out accurately, allowing the logical representation of optimal results with favorable estimates for a common purpose, represented in the collection, tabulation, analysis, synthesis, interpretation and comparison of diagnostic information about the investigated element. KEYWORDS: Planning, Tourist Planning, Planning of levels REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS Ackoff, R. (2002). El paradigma de Ackoff: Una administración sistémica. México: Limusa. gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com;. (15 de agosto de 2011). gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com. Recuperado el 12 de septiembre de 2016, de gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com: https://gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com/2011/08/15/2-1-1-importancia-de-la- planificacion-turistica/ Gunn, C. (1994). Tourism planning. New York: Taylor & Francis. Herrera, I. (2014). La planificación en el contexto administrativo. Venezuela. Mill, R., & Morrison, A. (2012). The tourism system (Séptima ed.). Electronic Delivery EBOOK. OMT;. (2016). El turismo internacional continúa creciendo por encima de la media en los cuatro primeros meses de 2016. Barcelona - España: Organización Mundial de Turismo.
RESUMEN La metamorfosis de un país se logra únicamente con la planificación estratégica, política que permite la articulación legislativa racional, viabiliza los diferentes multiniveles en una red nacional de planificación, acompañada de una serie de normas, de actores políticos, y sociedades que organizan las metas y su cumplimiento. La transformación, el diseño, producción y distribución de bienes y servicios para satisfacer necesidades sociales, requieren de un cónclave de operaciones estratégicamente imbricadas y realizadas con exactitud, permite la representación lógica de resultados óptimos con estimaciones ventajosas para un fin en común, representadas en la recopilación, tabulación, análisis, síntesis, interpretación y comparación de información diagnóstica sobre el elemento investigado. PALABRAS CLAVE: Planificación. Planificación turística. Niveles de planificación ABSTRACT The metamorphosis of a country is achieved only with strategic planning, policy that allows the rational legislative articulation, making possible the various multi-level into a national network planning, accompanied by a series of standards, political actors and societies that organize goals and compliance. Processing, design, production and distribution of goods and services to meet social needs, require a conclave of operations strategically imbricated and carried out accurately, allowing the logical representation of optimal results with favorable estimates for a common purpose, represented in the collection, tabulation, analysis, synthesis, interpretation and comparison of diagnostic information about the investigated element. KEYWORDS: Planning, Tourist Planning, Planning of levels REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS Ackoff, R. (2002). El paradigma de Ackoff: Una administración sistémica. México: Limusa. gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com;. (15 de agosto de 2011). gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com. Recuperado el 12 de septiembre de 2016, de gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com: https://gestiondedestinos.wordpress.com/2011/08/15/2-1-1-importancia-de-la- planificacion-turistica/ Gunn, C. (1994). Tourism planning. New York: Taylor & Francis. Herrera, I. (2014). La planificación en el contexto administrativo. Venezuela. Mill, R., & Morrison, A. (2012). The tourism system (Séptima ed.). Electronic Delivery EBOOK. OMT;. (2016). El turismo internacional continúa creciendo por encima de la media en los cuatro primeros meses de 2016. Barcelona - España: Organización Mundial de Turismo.
The objective of this project is to analyze Argentina's foreign trade and trade policy with its main trading partners, the evolution of external markets, the impact of globalization, integration processes and the international context. In 2016 the following conclusions were reached. First, in the context of the relaunch of bilateral relations between Argentina and Japan, the performance of the new Japanese economic and trade policy was analyzed. In particular, the new economic policy and its reactivation plan based on a strong monetary expansion in order to achieve inflation targets, while placing the growth of companies at the center. This plan, popularly known as Abenomics (due to Prime Minister Shinzo Abe) has had mediocre results, which has not undermined the support the Japanese give to their government: they hope that the results will begin to be positive in the near future. The plan has impacted on Japan's role in the international economy, affecting trade flows. In this sense, it is expected that international trade activities, including investments between the two countries, will present a significant potential for our nation. Second, the national and provincial public policies applied in the transformation of the wine industry of the Province of Mendoza was analysed, as well as the changes that occurred in the last decades that favoured the modernization of production. The increase in exports and the development of wine-related tourism has presented renewed challenges. Third, the analysis of the impact of globalization on poverty levels in Latin America was deepened. It is concluded that a process of trade liberalization devoid of social containment measures yields a negative result, although this impact is different in each country of the region. Finally, several documents related to Integration and International Trade were produced, which were published in different media. In particular, several papers were produced in relation to Knowledge Based Services, its internationalization and the participation of China in multilateral trade negotiations, the evolution of the integration process in MERCOSUR and the physical integration of Latin America. ; El objetivo de este proyecto es analizar el comercio exterior argentino y la política comercial de los principales socios comerciales, la evolución de los mercados externos, el impacto de la globalización, los procesos de integración y el entorno internacional. Durante el año 2016 se concluyó lo siguiente: en primer lugar, y en el marco del relanzamiento de las relaciones bilaterales entre Argentina y Japón, se analizó el desempeño de la nueva política económica y comercial japonesa. Particularmente, la nueva política económica y su plan de reactivación en base a una fuerte expansión monetaria a fin de lograr metas de inflación, al tiempo de poner como centro el crecimiento de las empresas. Este plan, conocido popularmente como Abenomics (debido al Primer Ministro Shinzo Abe), ha tenido resultados poco favorables, lo que no ha significado una merma en el apoyo que los japoneses le dan a su gobierno: confían en que los resultados comenzarán a ser positivos en un futuro mediato. El plan ha impactado en el rol de Japón en la economía internacional, afectando los flujos de intercambio. En este sentido se prevé que las actividades de comercio internacional, incluidas las inversiones entre ambos países, presenten un potencial trascendente para nuestro país. En segundo lugar, se analizaron las políticas públicas nacionales y provinciales aplicadas en la transformación de la industria vitivinícola de la Provincia de Mendoza y los cambios ocurridos en las últimas décadas que favorecieron la modernización de la producción. El incremento de las exportaciones y el desarrollo del turismo relacionado al vino han presentado renovados desafíos. Tercero, se profundizó el análisis sobre el impacto de la globalización en los niveles de pobreza en América Latina. Sobre el particular, se concluye que un proceso de apertura comercial desprovisto de medidas de contención social arrojan un resultado negativo, si bien este impacto es diferente en cada país de la región. Finalmente, se produjeron diversos documentos relacionados a la Integración y el Comercio Internacional, los cuales fueron publicados en diferentes medios. En particular, se realizaron diversos trabajos vinculados con los Servicios Basados en el Conocimiento, su internacionalización y la participación de China en las negociaciones comerciales multilaterales, la evolución del proceso de integración en el MERCOSUR y la integración física de América Latina.
The project examines topics related to trade policies of the BRICS and its impact on the economy and global governance. During the reported period, 2014, research focused on the impact that the development of the BRICS has had on the global economy and in Argentina deepened. It had been analyzed the impact that the increased trade with the Asia Pacific had on employment generation in the Argentine provinces were analyzed, finding a positive and variable effect according to the type of export This research resulted in a publication in the Studies on Regional Economics of Japan. The dynamism of emerging economies invited to sub national governments to adopt new strategies for international insertion. The original methodology developed to measure the impact this will be usedfor the analysis of foreign trade with emerging countries in specific sectors. Also, recognizing theimportance of the potential growth of BRIC economies in the coming years and its impact on the environment,a study on the causal effect of globalization on environmental pollution, which providesevidence on the existence of a link between started trade liberalization and pollution even after controllingfor various factors (per capita GDP, domestic financing, effectiveness of government). Theresearch analyzed critically whether this group has a real weight in the international system, givenits weight in the international economy and its responsibility as protagonists. On the other hand, itshowed that the BRICS have relevant internal debts, exemplified with an HDI far from the advancedcountries and with serious debts in governance; concept that was discussed in the last year and againconsidered to be a dynamic and suitable for the management of international issues concept. ; El Proyecto analiza temáticas relativas a las políticas comerciales de los BRICS y su impacto en la economía y gobernanza mundial. Durante el año 2014 se profundizó la investigación sobre el impacto que el desarrollo de ese grupo de países ha tenido en la economía global y en la Argentina. En ese sentido, se analizó el impacto que el incremento del comercio con la región de Asia Pacífico tuvo sobre la generación de empleo en las provincias argentinas, encontrando un efecto positivo y variable de acuerdo al tipo de exportación. Esta investigación se tradujo en una publicación en el Studies on Regional Economics de Japón. El dinamismo de las economías emergentes invita a los gobiernos subnacionales a adoptar nuevas estrategias de inserción externa. La original metodología desarrollada para esta medición de impacto será utilizada para el análisis de comercio exterior con países emergentes de sectores específicos. También, reconociendo la importancia del potencial crecimiento de las economías BRICS en los años venideros y su impacto en el medioambiente, se inició un estudio sobre el efecto causal de la globalización en la contaminación ambiental, el cual aporta evidencia sobre la existencia de un link entre la apertura comercial y la contaminación, incluso luego de controlar por diferentes factores (PIB per cápita, financiamiento interno, efectividad de gobierno). La investigación analizó de manera crítica si este grupo posee un peso real en el sistema internacional, teniendo en cuenta su peso en la economía internacional y su responsabilidad como actores protagonistas. Por otro lado, se evidenció que los BRICS, poseen deudas internas relevantes, ejemplificadas con un Índice de Desarrollo Humano muy lejos de los países avanzados y con serias deudas en materia de gobernanza; concepto que fue tratado en el pasado año y que volvió a considerarse por ser un concepto dinámico y adecuado para la gestión de los temas internacionales.
Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97.1 (95% UI 95.8-98.1) in Iceland, followed by 96.6 (94.9-97.9) in Norway and 96.1 (94.5-97.3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18.6 (13.1-24.4) in the Central African Republic, 19.0 (14.3-23.7) in Somalia, and 23.4 (20.2-26.8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91.5 (89.1-936) in Beijing to 48.0 (43.4-53.2) in Tibet (a 43.5-point difference), while India saw a 30.8-point disparity, from 64.8 (59.6-68.8) in Goa to 34.0 (30.3-38.1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4.8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20.9-point to 17.0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17.2-point to 20.4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view and subsequent provision of quality health care for all populations. ; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Barbora de Courten is supported by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). Ai Koyanagi's work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII —General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Alberto Ortiz was supported by Spanish Government (Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETIC REDINREN RD16/0019 FEDER funds). Ashish Awasthi acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through INSPIRE Faculty scheme Boris Bikbov has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Boris Bikbov acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Panniyammakal Jeemon acknowledges support from the clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20). Job F M van Boven was supported by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology of the University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Olanrewaju Oladimeji is an African Research Fellow hosted by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and he also has honorary affiliations with Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Eastern Cape, South Africa and School of Public Health, University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia. He is indeed grateful for support from HSRC, WSU and UNAM. EUI is supported in part by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF UID: 86003). Ulrich Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study grant No 01ER1511/D, Gabrielle B Britton is supported by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación and Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá. Giuseppe Remuzzi acknowledges that the work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Behzad Heibati would like to acknowledge Air pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Syed Aljunid acknowledges the National University of Malaysia for providing the approval to participate in this GBD Project. Azeem Majeed and Imperial College London are grateful for support from the Northwest London National Insititute of Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care. Tambe Ayuk acknowledges the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies for office space provided. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). João Fernandes gratefully acknowledges funding from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant number UID/Multi/50016/2013). Jan-Walter De Neve was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (201900). Kazem Rahimi was supported by grants from the Oxford Martin School, the NIHR Oxford BRC and the RCUK Global Challenges Research Fund. Laith J Abu-Raddad acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9-040-3-008) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-IHME effort. Liesl Zuhlke is funded by the national research foundation of South Africa and the Medical Research Council of South Africa. Monica Cortinovis acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Chuanhua Yu acknowleges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552 and grant number 81273179) Norberto Perico acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Charles Shey Wiysonge's work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 106035 and 108571). John J McGrath is supported by grant APP1056929 from the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). Quique Bassat is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) research professor at ISGlobal. Richard G White is funded by the UK MRC and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union (MR/P002404/1), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium: OPP1084276/OPP1135288, CORTIS: OPP1137034/OPP1151915, Vaccines: OPP1160830), and UNITAID (4214-LSHTM-Sept15; PO 8477-0-600). Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowleges contribution from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant OI 175 014). Shariful Islam is funded by a Senior Fellowship from Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University and received career transition grants from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Sonia Saxena is funded by various grants from the NIHR. Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII–Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Stefanos was awarded with a 6 months visiting fellowship funding at IHME from M-AES (reference no. MV16/00035 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III). S Vittal Katikreddi was funded by a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_ UU_12017/15) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15). Traolach S Brugha has received funding from NHS Digital UK to collect data used in this study. The work of Hamid Badali was financially supported by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The work of Stefan Lorkowski is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A). Mariam Molokhia's research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We also thank the countless individuals who have contributed to GBD 2016 in various capacities. ; Peer reviewed