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This analysis identifies two different categories of guerrilla organizations and the roles of women within each. Guerrilla movements with 'international' agendas typically oppose US imperialism, capitalist expansion, or Western culture in general. 'Domestic' guerrilla organizations usually take action against perceived forces of oppression within their own nation. These different agendas have a direct impact on the role of women within them. Internationally oriented guerrilla groups assign traditional, limited gender roles to their female members, while domestic guerrilla organizations challenge domestic prohibitions, including those imposed on women, and encourage full and active participation of female members at all levels of guerrilla activity. This hypothesis is supported by comparative case studies of the groups in question. The study of women's roles within guerrilla movements provides insight into modern political issues, such as insurgencies and other non-traditional methods of warfare. The support of half a population can enable a guerrilla organization to further its objectives considerably, and as female participation increases, the group itself gains power. Thus, an in-depth understanding of women and their relationship to guerrilla movements contributes substantially to peace and conflict studies as well as studies of non-traditional warfare.

Regenerative and Sustainable Futures for Latin America and the Caribbeanexplores how to build sustainable futures for Latin America and the Caribbean, presents recommendations for policy and decision-makers to shape sustainable futures, and reflects on the value of collective action for a region that deserves a better tomorrow.

Regenerative and Sustainable Futures for Latin America and the Caribbeanexplores how to build sustainable futures for Latin America and the Caribbean, presents recommendations for policy and decision-makers to shape sustainable futures, and reflects on the value of collective action for a region that deserves a better tomorrow.

Until four years ago, regulations of the drinking water consumption in Colombia did not consider climate change variables and national and international water-urban guidelines in its rate policy. In this sense, it is proposed to determine the scenario of the basic water consumption through a normative revision implemented to guarantee the supply, considering the six socioeconomic strata and classifying three types of cities according to the water endowment and geographic location. It was found, that the Bogotá city shows an initial increase of 58% for stratum 1, which can be considered as high, compared with Medellín and Cali cities (53% and 43%). Hence, changes presented in resolution CRA/750/2016, according to a new consumption of household public services of the Aqueduct, have a large impact on the economy of families, especially for strata 1, 2, and 3. ; La regulación del consumo de agua potable en Colombia hasta hace 4 años no consideraba en su política tarifaria variables de cambio climático y/o lineamientos nacionales e internacionales en materia hídrico-urbana. En este sentido, se plantea determinar el escenario del consumo básico de agua a través de la revisión normativa implemenntada para garantizar el abasto, considerando los 6 estratos socioeconómicos y clasificando tres tipos de ciudades en función de la dotación hídrica y ubicación geográfica. Se encontró que la ciudad de Bogotá evidencia un incremento inicial para el estrato 1 de 58%, el cual se puede considerar como alto, comparado con las ciudades de Medellín y Cali (53% y 43% respectivamente). De ahí, los cambios presentados en la resolución CRA/750/2016, consistentes en un nuevo consumo básico de servicios público domiciliarios de Acueducto, tienen una gran incidencia en la economía de las familias, sobre todo para estratos 1, 2 y 3. ; La réglementation de la consommation d'eau potable en Colombie jusqu'à il y a 4 ans ne considérait pas dans sa politique tarifaire des variables de changement climatique et/ou des lignes directrices nationales ...

En el derecho internacional surgió la noción estado fallido, para designar aquellos sistemas políticos y jurídicos con incumplimiento en su rol de gobernanza, para dar paso a la anarquía y la violencia. Para algunos autores un tecnicismo empleado para señalar a aquellos Estados incapaces de mantener una relación natural y diplomática con la comunidad internacional y que ponen en riesgo no sólo su propia seguridad interna sino también la seguridad de otros Estados. Definir al Estado fallido es una ambivalencia, caracterizada por la ambigüedad, muchos teóricos no terminan de aceptar una postura sólida sobre su definición, se narra directamente las características o indicadores, lo que finalmente ayuda a asumir si un Estado es o no fallido; para esta investigación, la falla radica en la incapacidad del sistema para garantizar la seguridad jurídica a los ciudadanos, sus derechos humanos y el brindar calidad de vida. Por ello, se busca realizar una aproximación entre el concepto de estado fallido y la situación actual de Venezuela, con la perspectiva de dimensiones pertinentes que puedan evidenciar la presencia de elementos propios de un estado que no cumple con su rol fundamental, explorando los índices de la perturbación del sistema político denominado república. ; In Internationa Law emerged the notion of the failed state, to name the political and legal system with non-compliance in their role of government, to give way to anarchy and violence. For some authors, specialized in the subject describes as States incapable of maintaining a natural relationship and diplomacy with the international community, which put a risk not only their internal security, but also security of other States. Defining "The State" is to fall into and ambivalence, characterized by ambiguity, many theoretical terms do not end up accepting a solid position on its definition, are directly related to the characteristics or indicators, which ultimately is not safe. For this investigation, the fault lies in the inability of the system to ensure legal security for citizens, human rights and quality of life service. Therefore, an approximation is sought between the concept of a failed state and the real situation in Venezuela, with the perspective of the pertinent measures that can be evidence in the presence of elements of a state that does not fulfill its fundamental role, exploring the indices of the disturbance of the political system called republic.

This book offers global perspectives on institutions and regulations promoting sustainable economic growth in the Post 2015 development agenda. It addresses sustainability issues from multidisciplinary viewpoints. This second volume, focusing on The UN Global Compact, advances perspectives on the non-compulsory alternative to market regulations.

Anthropological, archaeological, and forensic studies situate enforced disappearance as a strategy associated with the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964&ndash ; 1985), leaving hundreds of persons without identity or cause of death identified. Their forensic reports are the only existing clue for people identification and detection of possible crimes associated with them. The exchange of information among institutions about the identities of disappeared people was not a common practice. Thus, their analysis requires unsupervised techniques, mainly due to the fact that their contextual annotation is extremely time-consuming, difficult to obtain, and with high dependence on the annotator. The use of these techniques allows researchers to assist in the identification and analysis in four areas: Common causes of death, relevant body locations, personal belongings terminology, and correlations between actors such as doctors and police officers involved in the disappearances. This paper analyzes almost 3000 textual reports of missing persons in Sã ; o Paulo city during the Brazilian dictatorship through unsupervised algorithms of information extraction in Portuguese, identifying named entities and relevant terminology associated with these four criteria. The analysis allowed us to observe terminological patterns relevant for people identification (e.g., presence of rings or similar personal belongings) and automate the study of correlations between actors. The proposed system acts as a first classificatory and indexing middleware of the reports and represents a feasible system that can assist researchers working in pattern search among autopsy reports.

This volume explores the meaning of the Paris Climate Agreement 2015 for business; it analyses its challenges and implications, and establishes required actions by the private sector in order to address climate change. We include contributions from diverse locations and disciplines on the challenges this poses for businesses across the globe.