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PurposeWhereas motivation and coordination losses in teams have been investigated for quite some time, systematic research on performance gains in teams (often called "synergetic effects") only emerged recently. The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the concept of process gains (or synergy) in teams, and to introduce recent findings from basic psychology that can be very valuable for the management of high performing teams.Design/methodology/approachBased on the definition of synergy as process gain during teamwork compared with a clear baseline (team potential), this review develops specific requirements for the empirical demonstration of synergetic effects in teams. Moreover, a brief history of research on process gains in teams is provided, followed by an outlook on current and future trends in this field.FindingsAlthough this research is still in its pioneering days, various triggers of process gains in teams have been already derived theoretically and/or demonstrated empirically, among them social support from fellow team members, perceived indispensability for the team outcome, the development and/or selection of experts for task and team processes, use of multiple perspectives and information, team learning, and social identification processes.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the preconditions and underlying mechanisms of process gains in teams enables managers to trigger performance levels of teams that exceed what can be expected based on the individual team members' capabilities alone. Moreover, the estimation of a team's potential provides a helpful standard for the assessment of the ongoing team performance.Originality/valueProcess gains in teams and related laboratory research have been largely neglected in the managerial literature so far. This paper and the current special issue are among the first to introduce a clear definition of process gains in teams, and to suggest concrete trigger factors of synergetic effects in teams based on systematic research.

Abstract This article presents the political and educational context where homogeneous education is asked and the diverse is introduced. Consequently, it develops three elements that prevent from the construction of pedagogical spaces with the difference: origin of the school, prevailing of the speech of diversity over the one of the difference, and ignorance of sensitive aspects about the relation to the other. Finally, it is argued for the deep changes in these three aspects and how educational work with the difference enriches the pedagogical practice. ; Este artículo presenta el contexto político y educativodonde se cuestiona la educación homogénea y se introduce lo diverso. Posteriormente, desarrolla tres elementos que limitan la construcción de espacios pedagógicos con la diferencia: el origen de la escuela, la prevalencia del discurso de la diversidad sobre el de la diferencia y el desconocimiento de aspectos sensibles en la relación con el otro. Finalmente, se argumenta a favor de cambios profundos en estos tres aspectos. ; Resumo Neste artigo apresenta-se o contexto educacional e político no qual se questiona a educação homogênea e se introduze a diversidade. Posteriormente, se explicam três elementos que limitam a construção espaços de ensino na diferença: a origem da escola, a prevalência do discurso da diversidade sobre o discurso da diferença e o desconhecimento de aspectos sensíveis na relação com o outro. Finalmente, se defende a introdução de profundas mudanças nestes aspectos e a idéia de que o trabalho educativo com a diferença enriquece a prática pedagógica.

When Italy unified in 1861, America was emerging as a world power, and advances in communication allowed Italians a view of American life to which they could aspire. America in Italian Culture traces this huge cultural shift, looking at how US fiction, comics, music, and film came to dominate Italian culture, even as the countries went to war.

Anthropocene and Cosmopolitan Citizenship criticizes the Westphalia system of international relations and, as an alternative, proposes cosmopolitan citizenship. The book offers a critique of the theory of international relations based on the Westphalian system and the principle of national sovereignty. At the end of the Second World War, the two superpowers agreed on a new international order that, to this day, has prevented a new world war. This era is over. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic and political affirmation of new international powers - such as China, India and Brazil - have generated a multipolar world, in which growing tensions between great and small powers are manifested, up to the threat of nuclear war. To this threat, a second one has been added: the possible collapse of the biosphere, an epoch called the Anthropocene, because the pollution of nature is suffocating the life of every living species on the Planet, including Homo sapiens. The United Nations can be viewed as the first step towards a post-Westphalian system, and the European Union represents an alternative model for peaceful relationships among national peoples. The book's methodology draws on an interdisciplinary relationship between social sciences and nature sciences to provide a European foreign policy strategy that shows how the European Union can play a crucial role in current international politics, helping build a just world in harmony with nature, including by calling for a Global Green Deal and an Earth Constitution. The integration of the national peoples of the European Union shows that supranational citizenship is possible and that national independence is compatible with peaceful international interdependence. The author explores how this can be achieved and how alternatives have failed, with reference to federalism, ecologism, liberalism, democracy, socialism, nationalism, security and patriotism. This book will be of interest to scholars of international relations and European studies and activists, including ecologists, young people, federalists and members of political parties.

ContentsAnthropocene and Cosmopolitan Citizenship: An Essay on European Foreign PolicyChapter 1 - An Emerging Political Ideology: FederalismChapter 2 - An Emerging Political Ideology: EcologismChapter 3 - The Post-Westphalian DisorderChapter 4 - The Failure of InternationalismChapter 5 - Peace, War and the Evolution of FederalismChapter 6 - Security as a Global Public GoodChapter 7 - Europe, Patriotism and CosmopolitanismChapter 8 - Money and Finance as Global Public GoodsChapter 9 - The Earth ConstitutionChapter 10 - Europe and Cosmopolitan CitizenshipConclusionReferencesIndex

Is it possible to identify models of self-representation characteristic of rural lords in 14th-15th century Italy? Are these models common to the whole of the Peninsula, from the Alps to Sicily? What are their main features and their privileged channels of transmission? What relations do they have with the city-communal world on one hand, and princely cultures on the other? In order to answer these questions, the essay examines the use of a shared courtly culture, the importance of genealogical celebrations, the patronage and cultural enterprise of the lords and the growth of their direct intellectual dynamism, ending with the renewed importance of the castle in the cultural and social self-representation of the 15th-century lords.