Suchergebnisse

Zatímco otázky aplikace cizího práva při rozhodování ve věcech civilního práva jsou tradičně předmětem zájmu právní nauky, problematika aplikace cizího veřejného práva správními orgány byla v odborné literatuře tematizována jenom zřídka. Důvod je přitom zřejmý: Aplikace cizího práva v soukromoprávních věcech byla státy tradičně připouštěna, protože režimy civilního práva v různých jurisdikcích byly považovány za vzájemně rovné. Co se týče práva veřejného, státy takovou rovnost v zásadě nepřipouštěly a naopak vyžadovaly, aby bylo při rozhodování ve věcech veřejného práva rigidně aplikováno vnitrostátní správní právo. I za této situace lze ovšem v našem právním řádu identifikovat případy, kdy je správnímu orgánu svěřena pravomoc rozhodovat ve věcech veřejného práva a současně má tento správní orgán aplikovat cizí správní právo. Skutečnost, že takové situace nejsou konvenčními, implikuje řadu praktických aplikačních problémů, které mohou v těchto komplikovaných situacích nastat.

Jakým způsobem kvalifikovat právní povahu cizích správních aktů, které podle předpisů našeho vnitrostátního práva vyvolávají právní účinky v rovině našeho práva? Tato otázka, označovaná v odborné literatuře jako "kvalifikační problém", dlouhodobě budí zájem nejenom právní teorie, ale také právní praxe. Při kvalifikaci cizích správních aktů má tuzemský správní orgán v zásadě tři možnosti: kvalifikace na základě legis fori, legis causae, nebo kvalifikaci na základě autonomního pojetí. Tento článek předkládá argumenty pro kvalifikaci cizích správních aktů na základě legis fori.

First published online: 20 July 2020 ; International administrative law emerged in legal scholarship as a kind of parallel to international private law. While international private law constitutes an integral part of private law, international administrative law represents a special discipline of administrative law, providing norms for relations with foreign elements. These norms are referred to as "delimiting norms" in legal scholarship. Governing various aspects of legal relations, both international private law and international administrative law share a common characteristic: both have emerged and been traditionally perceived as national projects. Emergence of an 'union of composite administration' within the European union trigger the question of whether we can also identify similar processes regarding international administrative law. Reflecting the classical thesis that international administrative law represents a special branch of domestic administrative law, this article argues that the sources of EU administrative law provide for a comprehensive set of delimiting rules, which can be labelled as an 'EU international administrative law'.

Sixty years ago, from 20th to 26th September 1959, the Nineteenth Conference of the International Maritime Committee (Comité Maritime International) was held in Rijeka. Facing the challenges arising from contemporary plans to use nuclear power in marine transport (in particular to use nuclear reactors as a source of transport for both civil and military ships), the Conference adopted a draft of a convention that aimed to address the issue of liability of the operators of nuclear ships. The draft convention reflected the fact that liability issues arising from nuclear ships considerably differ from those issues, arising from the operation of land-based nuclear reactors. This draft convention, which became later widely known as "the Rijeka Draft" in legal literature, provided for basic liability principles that were to be applied to operators of nuclear ships. The Rijeka Draft became crucial for the later developments in the field of international nuclear law, in particular for the adoption of the Brussels Convention on the Liability of Nuclear Ships at the Eleventh Session of the Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Law in 1962. However, it also influenced the content of several other bi-lateral agreements. The 60th anniversary of the Rijeka Draft allows a good opportunity to revisit the principles provided by the draft convention as well as to revisit the impact of this draft on further development of international nuclear law. ; U Rijeci je pred šezdeset godina od 20. do 26. rujna 1959. održana devetnaesta konferencija Međunarodnog pomorskog odbora (Comité Maritime International). Suočavajući se s izazovima proizašlim iz korištenja nuklearne energije u pomorskom prijevozu (posebice vezano uz korištenje nuklearnih reaktora kao izvora prijevoza u putničkim i vojnim brodovima, na konferenciji je usvojen jedan nacrt, čiji je cilj bio dotaći se odgovornosti poduzetnika-brodara nuklearnih brodova. Taj je nacrt reflektirao činjenicu da se odgovornost poduzetnika-brodara nuklearnih brodova znatno razlikuje od odgovornosti koja proizlazi iz nuklearnih reaktora smještenih na čvrstom tlu. Ovaj nacrt, koji je kasnije u pravnoj literaturi postao poznat kao "Riječki nacrt", predvidio je temeljna načela odgovornosti za poduzetnike-brodare nuklearnih brodova. Odigrao je i veliku ulogu u kasnijem razvoju međunarodnog nuklearnog prava, posebice pri usvajanju briselske Konvencije o odgovornosti poduzetnika-brodara nuklearnih brodova na jedanaestoj sjednici Diplomatske konferencije za pomorsko pravo 1962. godine. Utjecao je i na sadržaj nekih drugih bilateralnih sporazuma. Šezdeseta obljetnica Riječkog nacrta izvrsna je prilika za preispitivanje njegovih načela kao i njegovog utjecaja na daljnji razvoj međunarodnog nuklearnog prava. ; Die Neunzehnte Konferenz des Internationalen Seeschifffahrtsausschusses (Comité Maritime International) wurde vor sechzig Jahren vom 20. bis zum 26. September 1959 in Rijeka gehalten. Als Antwort auf die Herausforderungen bezüglich der Nuklearenergienutzung in der Seeschifffahrt (insbesondere bezüglich der Nutzung von Kernreaktoren als Transportquelle für sowohl Passagier- als auch Militärschiffe), nahm die Konferenz einen Entwurf an, mit dem Ziel, die Haftung der Betreiber von Nuklearschiffen anzusprechen. Dieser Entwurf wiederspiegelte die Tatsache, dass die Haftung, die sich aus Nuklearschiffen ergibt, sich von der mit der Betreibung von landgestützten Kernreaktoren verbundenen Haftung wesentlich unterscheidet. Dieser Entwurf, der später auch als "Rijeka-Entwurf" in der Rechtsliteratur bekannt wurde, hat grundlegende Haftungsgrundsätze für Betreiber der Nuklearschiffe vorgesehen. Der Rijeka-Entwurf spielte eine große Rolle bei späteren Entwicklungen im Bereich des internationalen Nuklearrechtes, insbesondere bei der Annahme des Brüssel-Übereinkommens über die Haftung von Betreiber der Nuklearschiffe auf der Elften Tagung der Diplomatischen Seerechtkonferenz in 1962. Er hat aber auch den Inhalt von einigen anderen bilateralen Übereinkommen beeinflusst. Das sechszigste Jubiläum des Rijeka-Entwurfs bietet die Gelegenheit an, die Grundsätze des Entwurfs sowie auch sein Einfluss auf weitere Entwicklungen des internationalen Nuklearrechts erneut zu überprüfen. ; Sessant'anni fa dal 20 al 26 settembre del 1959 si tenne a Fiume la novantesima Conferenza del Comitato marittimo internazionale (Comité Maritime International). Nell'approcciarsi alle sfide derivanti dai piani contemporanei di usare l'energia nucleare nel trasporto marittimo (in particolare di usare i reattori nucleari quale fonte per il trasporto sia di navi civili, che militari), la Conferenza adottò un disegno di convenzione avente lo scopo di porre in rilievo la questione della responsabilità degli operatori di navi nucleari. Il disegno di convenzione manifestò il fatto che le questioni della responsabilità derivanti dalle navi nucleari differiscono considerevolmente rispetto a quelle questioni derivanti dalle operazioni dei reattori nucleari su terraferma. Tale disegno di convenzione, che successivamente divenne noto nella letteratura giuridica come "the Rijeka Draft", offrì i principi fondamentali in materia di responsabilità che si sarebbero dovuti applicare agli operatori delle navi nucleari. Il "Rijeka Draft" divenne di importanza cruciale per i successivi sviluppi nel campo del diritto nucleare internazionale ed in ispecie per l'adozione della Convenzione di Bruxelles sulla responsabilità delle navi nucleari all'undicesima sessione della conferenza diplomatica sul diritto marittimo nel 1962. Ad ogni modo, esso influenzò anche il contenuto di alcuni altri accordi bilaterali. Il sessantesimo anniversario del "Rijeka Draft" offre una buona opportunità per rivisitare i principi offerti dal disegno di convenzione, come anche per rivisitare l'impatto di questo disegno sul futuro sviluppo del diritto nucleare internazionale.

Sixty years ago, on 1 January 1958, the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community of 1957 entered into force. In contrast to the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community of 1951, the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community of 1957 did not provide for any explicit limitation of the Community's existence in its provisions. As a consequence, the key provisions of the Treaty, establishing the Community's powers and competences, have remained virtually untouched until today. This article analyses this Community from three different perspectives. Firstly, attention is paid to the clauses enabling prospective amendments, adjustments, and further specification of the scope of application. Consequently, it is argued that to some extent the Community was originally designed as a 'provisional' one. Secondly, the article deals with those provisions of the Euratom Treaty which originally provided for certain competences of the Community in nuclear research, the supply of ores, source materials and special fissile materials and the insurance of nuclear liability. Due to the fact that these competences have never been used, it is argued that from this perspective the Euratom Community can be viewed as a 'static' Community. Thirdly, the extensive interpretation of the Euratom competences in the area of health and safety by the Court of Justice will be addressed. Based on this extensive interpretation, the Euratom Community launched its legislative activity in the area of nuclear safety in order to address this key issue of peaceful use of nuclear energy. From this perspective, the Community is to be regarded a 'flexible' one. The 60th anniversary of the Euratom Treaty represents a good opportunity to revisit in detail the characteristic features of the Euratom Community from these different perspectives.

It is a matter of fact that conflict-of-law rules frequently lead to the application of foreign law by the courts in cases of private law. Consequently, the legal science has quite frequently had to deal with this issue. On the contrary, the problem of the application of foreign law by administrative authorities has not been equally discussed. It was German academician Karl Neumeyer who introduced a system of delimiting rules ("Grenznormen"), requiring the application of foreign administrative law in the decision-making of administrative authorities. This article deals with the existence and implications of some of these provisions, as provided in various sources of EU legislation. Further, the article deals with the question concerning to which extent the principles of application of foreign law by the courts also apply to the application of foreign administrative law by the administrative authorities within the EU. ; Činjenica je da pravila o rješavanju sukoba zakona često dovode do toga da sudovi u privatnopravnim sporovima primjenjuju pravila stranog prava. Stoga se pravna znanost vrlo često morala baviti tim problemom. S druge strane, o problemu primjene stranog prava od strane upravnih tijela nije u jednakoj mjeri raspravljano. Kad je o navedenom pitanju riječ, autori se uglavnom referiraju na njemačkog autora Karla Neumeyera koji je uveo sustav razgraničavajućih pravila (Grenznormen) prema kojima bi se određivalo u kojim će se slučajevima trebati primijeniti strano upravno pravo prilikom odlučivanja upravnih tijela. U ovom članku obrađuju se navedena razgraničavajuća pravna pravila u izvorima prava Europske unije te implikacije nekih od tih pravila. Nadalje, u radu se analizira pitanje u kojoj su mjeri načela o primjeni stranog prava pred sudovima upotrebljiva i glede primjene stranog upravnog prava od strane upravnih tijela u Europskoj uniji.

The term "international administrative law" is understood in two separate ways. On one hand, the authors (diritto internazionale amministrativo) used this term regarding the administrative competencies of various international administrative unions, as provided by applicable international conventions. On the other hand, other authors (e.g. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) used the term to exclusively refer to the norms of national law (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht), which address certain foreign elements. This article follows the second understanding of the term "international administrative law." For a long time, these norms had been quite rare in administrative law and, consequently, the legal scholarship did not pay much attention to the discipline of international administrative law. However, most recently, the sources of EU law increasingly require reflection of certain foreign elements in the norms of administrative law. In this respect, this article argues that international administrative law represents a legal discipline that is fully capable of addressing those problems arising by the application of these norms in administrative law. ; Značenje naziva "međunarodno upravno pravo" se do sada interpretiralo na dva načina. S jedne strane su autori koristili taj naziv (diritto internazionale amministrativo) odnoseći se na upravne kompetencije različitih međunarodnih upravnih udruženja, kako je predviđeno mjerodavnim međunarodnim konvencijama. Drugi su autori (npr. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) taj naziv koristili isključivo odnoseći se na norme nacionalnog prava (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht), koje su uključivale neke strane elemente. U ovom se radu naziv "međunarodno upravno pravo" interpretira prema potonjem značenju. Činjenica jest da su te norme bile iznimno rijetke u upravnom pravu, zbog čega pravna znanost nije posvećivala previše pozornosti disciplini međunarodnog upravnog prava. No, u posljednje vrijeme izvori prava Europske unije sve više zahtijevaju razmatranje određenih stranih elemenata u normama upravnog prava. U tom se pogledu u ovom radu zauzima stav da je međunarodno upravno pravo pravna disciplina koja može riješiti probleme nastale primjenom navedenih normi upravnog prava. ; Der Begriff "internationales Verwaltungsrecht" kann zweierlei ausgelegt werden. Einerseits wurde der Begriff (diritto internazionale amministrativo) im Kontext von verwaltungsrechtlichen Kompetenzen unterschiedlicher internationaler Verwaltungsorganisationen benutzt, wie das von den einschlägigen internationalen Konventionen vorgesehen wird. Andererseits benutzten manche Autoren (z.B. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) diesen Begriff, um ausschließlich auf die Normen des nationalen Rechts mit internationalem Charakter hinzuweisen (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht). In diesem Beitrag wird dieser Begriff im Sinne der letztgenannten Auslegung verstanden. Es besteht die Tatsache, dass diese Normen sehr selten im Verwaltungsrecht benutzt wurden, weshalb die Rechtswissenschaft keinen großen Wert auf die Disziplin des internationalen Verwaltungsrechts legte. Erst kürzlich wird in den Quellen der EU die Benutzung mancher internationalen Elemente in den Normen des Verwaltungsrechts sichtbar. Diesbezüglich wird in diesem Beitrag behauptet, dass das internationale Verwaltungsrecht eine Rechtsdisziplin darstellt, welche fähig ist, die aus der Anwendbarkeit dieser Normen des internationalen Verwaltungsrechts hervorgehenden Probleme anzusprechen. ; Il significato del termine "diritto internazionale amministrativo" fino ad ora è stato interpretato in due modi. Da un lato gli autori utilizzavano tale termine (diritto internazionale amministrativo) riferendosi alle competenze amministrative di diversi enti amministrativi internazionali, così come previsto dalle convenzioni internazionali applicabili. Altri autori (ad es. Karl Neumeyer, Paul Négulescu, Giuseppe Biscottini) usavano tale termine esclusivamente riferendosi alle norme del diritto nazionale (diritto amministrativo internazionale, droit administratif international, internationales Verwaltungsrecht), le quali includevano alcuni elementi stranieri. Nel presente lavoro il termine" diritto internazionale amministrativo" viene interpretato in tale ultima maniera. Il fatto è che tali norme erano estremamente rare nel diritto amministrativo, per la quale ragione la scienza giuridica non prestava particolare attenzione alla disciplina del diritto internazionale amministrativo. Invece, in tempi recenti, le fonti giuridiche dell'Unione europea sempre di più pretendono l'analisi di determinati elementi stranieri all'interno della disciplina del diritto amministrativo. In tale senso, nel presente lavoro si prende posizione a favore dell'orientamento che reputa il diritto internazionale amministrativo capace di risolvere le questioni sorte in seguito all'applicazione delle menzionate norme del diritto amministrativo.