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International audience ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 – a mathematical programming model for BEef and GRAssland Biodiversity PRoduction Optimisation – elaborated for analysis of organic suckler cow farms in the Protected Landscape Area White Carpathians, the Czech Republic, is presented and applied to the analysis of jointness between several environmental goods. In this way, the paper complements recent studies on jointness between commodities and non-commodities. If these goods are joint in production, agri-environmental payments must be carefully designed because they do not influenceonlyproductionoftheenvironmental good they are intended for but also the production of other environmental goods. If jointness is negative, any increase in the payment for an environmental good leads to a decrease in production of other environmental goods. ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 est un modèle de programmation mathématique élaboré pour l'analyse des élevages allaitants à Bile Krapaty, République tchèque. Il est appliqué dans ce papier à l'analyse de la jointure entre la production de biens agricoles et de biens environnementaux quand plusieurs biens environnementaux doivent être produits sur la même ferme. Si les biens environnementaux sont joints entre eux, les payements pour les mesures agri-environnementaux doivent être soigneusement calculés car ils influencent non seulement la production du bien pour lequel ils sont conçus mais également des autres biens joints. Ainsi, une quantité insuffisante d'un bien environnemental ne signifie pas nécessairement que le payement proposé pour sa production est trop bas, elle peut-être la conséquence d' un payement trop élevé pour un autre bien.

International audience ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 – a mathematical programming model for BEef and GRAssland Biodiversity PRoduction Optimisation – elaborated for analysis of organic suckler cow farms in the Protected Landscape Area White Carpathians, the Czech Republic, is presented and applied to the analysis of jointness between several environmental goods. In this way, the paper complements recent studies on jointness between commodities and non-commodities. If these goods are joint in production, agri-environmental payments must be carefully designed because they do not influenceonlyproductionoftheenvironmental good they are intended for but also the production of other environmental goods. If jointness is negative, any increase in the payment for an environmental good leads to a decrease in production of other environmental goods. ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 est un modèle de programmation mathématique élaboré pour l'analyse des élevages allaitants à Bile Krapaty, République tchèque. Il est appliqué dans ce papier à l'analyse de la jointure entre la production de biens agricoles et de biens environnementaux quand plusieurs biens environnementaux doivent être produits sur la même ferme. Si les biens environnementaux sont joints entre eux, les payements pour les mesures agri-environnementaux doivent être soigneusement calculés car ils influencent non seulement la production du bien pour lequel ils sont conçus mais également des autres biens joints. Ainsi, une quantité insuffisante d'un bien environnemental ne signifie pas nécessairement que le payement proposé pour sa production est trop bas, elle peut-être la conséquence d' un payement trop élevé pour un autre bien.

International audience ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 – a mathematical programming model for BEef and GRAssland Biodiversity PRoduction Optimisation – elaborated for analysis of organic suckler cow farms in the Protected Landscape Area White Carpathians, the Czech Republic, is presented and applied to the analysis of jointness between several environmental goods. In this way, the paper complements recent studies on jointness between commodities and non-commodities. If these goods are joint in production, agri-environmental payments must be carefully designed because they do not influenceonlyproductionoftheenvironmental good they are intended for but also the production of other environmental goods. If jointness is negative, any increase in the payment for an environmental good leads to a decrease in production of other environmental goods. ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 est un modèle de programmation mathématique élaboré pour l'analyse des élevages allaitants à Bile Krapaty, République tchèque. Il est appliqué dans ce papier à l'analyse de la jointure entre la production de biens agricoles et de biens environnementaux quand plusieurs biens environnementaux doivent être produits sur la même ferme. Si les biens environnementaux sont joints entre eux, les payements pour les mesures agri-environnementaux doivent être soigneusement calculés car ils influencent non seulement la production du bien pour lequel ils sont conçus mais également des autres biens joints. Ainsi, une quantité insuffisante d'un bien environnemental ne signifie pas nécessairement que le payement proposé pour sa production est trop bas, elle peut-être la conséquence d' un payement trop élevé pour un autre bien.

International audience ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 – a mathematical programming model for BEef and GRAssland Biodiversity PRoduction Optimisation – elaborated for analysis of organic suckler cow farms in the Protected Landscape Area White Carpathians, the Czech Republic, is presented and applied to the analysis of jointness between several environmental goods. In this way, the paper complements recent studies on jointness between commodities and non-commodities. If these goods are joint in production, agri-environmental payments must be carefully designed because they do not influenceonlyproductionoftheenvironmental good they are intended for but also the production of other environmental goods. If jointness is negative, any increase in the payment for an environmental good leads to a decrease in production of other environmental goods. ; BEGRAB_PRO.1 est un modèle de programmation mathématique élaboré pour l'analyse des élevages allaitants à Bile Krapaty, République tchèque. Il est appliqué dans ce papier à l'analyse de la jointure entre la production de biens agricoles et de biens environnementaux quand plusieurs biens environnementaux doivent être produits sur la même ferme. Si les biens environnementaux sont joints entre eux, les payements pour les mesures agri-environnementaux doivent être soigneusement calculés car ils influencent non seulement la production du bien pour lequel ils sont conçus mais également des autres biens joints. Ainsi, une quantité insuffisante d'un bien environnemental ne signifie pas nécessairement que le payement proposé pour sa production est trop bas, elle peut-être la conséquence d' un payement trop élevé pour un autre bien.

100-year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) are used almost universally to compare emissions of greenhouse gases in national inventories and reduction targets. GWPs have been criticised on several grounds, but little work has been done to determine global mitigation costs under alternative physics-based metrics. We used the integrated assessment model MESSAGE to compare emission pathways and abatement costs for fixed and time-dependent variants of the Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP) with those based on GWPs, for a policy goal of limiting the radiative forcing to a specified level in the year 2100. We find that fixed 100-year GTPs would increase global abatement costs (discounted and aggregated over the 21st century) under this policy goal by 5–20 % relative to 100-year GWPs, whereas time-varying GTPs would reduce costs by about 5 %. These cost differences are smaller than differences arising from alternative assumptions regarding agricultural mitigation potential and much smaller than those arising from alternative radiative forcing targets. Using the land-use model GLOBIOM, we show that alternative metrics affect food production differently in different world regions depending on regional characteristics of future land-use change to meet growing food demand. We conclude that under scenarios of complete participation, the choice of metric has a limited impact on global abatement costs but could be important for the political economy of regional and sectoral participation in collective mitigation efforts, in particular changing costs and gains over time for agriculture and energy-intensive sectors.

The expansion of biofuel production can lead to an array of negative environmental impacts. Therefore, the European Union (EU) has recently imposed sustainability criteria on biofuel production in the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). In this article, we analyse the effectiveness of the sustainability criteria for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. We first use a global agriculture and forestry model to investigate environmental effects of the EU member states National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) without sustainability criteria. We conclude that these targets would drive losses of 2.2 Mha of highly biodiverse areas and generate 95 Mt CO 2 eq of additional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, in a second step, we demonstrate that the EU biofuel demand could be satisfied 'sustainably' according to RED despite its negative environmental effects. This is because the majority of global crop production is produced 'sustainably' in the sense of RED and can provide more than 10 times the total European biofuel demand in 2020 if reallocated from sectors without sustainability criteria. This finding points to a potential policy failure of applying sustainability regulation to a single sector in a single region. To be effective this policy needs to be more complete in targeting a wider scope of agricultural commodities and more comprehensive in its membership of countries.

China's livestock industry has experienced a vast transition during the last three decades, with profound effects on domestic and global food provision, resource use, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the driving forces around this transition and its national and global consequences. The number of livestock units (LUs) tripled in China in less than 30 years, mainly through the growth of landless industrial livestock production systems and the increase in monogastric livestock (from 62 to 74% of total LUs). Changes were fueled through increases in demand as well as, supply of new breeds, new technology, and government support. Production of animal source protein increased 4.9 times, nitrogen use efficiency at herd level tripled, and average feed use and GHG emissions per gram protein produced decreased by a factor of 2 between 1980 and 2010. In the same period, animal feed imports have increased 49 times, total ammonia and GHG emissions to the atmosphere doubled, and nitrogen losses to watercourses tripled. As a consequence, China's livestock transition has significant global impact. Forecasts for 2050, using the Shared Socio-economic Pathways scenarios, indicate major further changes in livestock production and impacts. On the basis of these possible trajectories, we suggest an alternative transition, which should be implemented by government, processing industries, consumers, and retailers. This new transition is targeted to increase production efficiency and environmental performance at system level, with coupling of crop-livestock production, whole chain manure management, and spatial planning as major components.

In this paper, we explore the extent to which the evolution of the EU food system to 2030 is likely to contribute to achieving dedicated SDGs considering also interactions, synergies, and trade- offs with the rest of the world. Given the multiplicity of the SDGs, we examine a subset of goals and indicators, related to major social, economic, and environmental issues. In particular, we trace the developments of representative SDG indicators up to 2030 in order to identify possible synergies and trade-offs towards meeting these goals using a modelling toolbox comprised of economic agricultural sector models. FIT4FOOD2030 deliverable 2.1 (Wepner et al., 2018) has discussed several foresight drivers in detail and in isolation. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015, are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - as they recognize the importance of working together to combat the growing challenges facing the world. The multiple development goals with a focus on sustainability cover a wide range of social, economic, and environmental topics including, but not limited to, ending poverty, improving health and education, reducing inequality, spurring economic growth, tackling climate change, and preserving natural resources. As the heart of the 2030 agenda, these well-inclusive policy goals provide a shared blueprint for prosperity for all people on the planet, with a clear-targeted, traceable, and measurable approach. There is an expanding literature that has assessed the importance of food systems transformation in achieving the global goals. Agricultural development is essential for the reduction of poverty and hunger (World Bank 2008). Natural resource use related to agriculture and food is inequitable at present, and the benefits from the food system are unequally distributed (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB), 2018). In order to achieve the SDGs there is a need for combined action towards a food supply that is ...

This work was undertaken as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), which is a strategic partnership of CGIAR and Future Earth. CCAFS is carried out with support from CGIAR Fund Donors and through bilateral funding agreements. This research has received funding from the European Union's FP7 Project FoodSecure (grant agreement no. 290693), the European Union's Horizon 2020 project CDLINKS (grant agreement no. 642147), and with technical support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The views expressed in the document cannot be taken to reflect the official opinions of CGIAR, Future Earth, or donors. The contributions of PS, MH, and JFS contributes to the Belmont Forum/FACCE-JPI funded DEVIL project (NE/M021327/1) and to UGRASS (NE/M016900/1). FK acknowledges the support from IIASA's Tropical Futures Initiative (TFI) and the GCP's Managing Global Negative Emissions Technologies (MaGNET) program (www.cger.nies.go.jp/gcp/magnet.html). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF