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Introduction. The article examines the population of the Kargopolsky Uyezd (the Onega River basin) at the beginning of the 18th century (numbers, social structure, population migrations, and marital relations). Methods and materials. Methods of historical research are used: analysis, synthesis. The source base consisted of census books. Analysis. At the beginning of the 18th century, the population of 25 volosts and the Oshevenskaya settlement of the Kargopolsky Uyezd consisted of 95% of tax-paying peasants and only 5% of other categories of the population (the clergy of a parish, beggars, sharecroppers, batches, farmsteaders, and Cossacks). A large number of monasteries (11 monasteries and pustyns) and the presence of a city with a townsman population – owners of land plots in the county – led to the formation of large and medium-sized landowners represented by individual monasteries and townspeople. In turn, this created a need for labor. As a result, the author came to the conclusion that the existing structure of land ownership was the reason for the activity of migration processes. There are a significant number of newcomers in the monastery and township courtyards; these were mainly immigrants from the Olonetsky Uyezd. Marriage ties were between representatives of neighboring volosts, often within the same volost and village.

The article discusses the mechanisms for implementing territorial marketing for the strategic development of regions. The relevance of this topic is due to the spatial imbalance in the economic situation of urban and more developed territories, while rural areas are in decline, which allows talking about the need to implement territo-rial marketing for a particular region. It is emphasized that as part of the economy globalization and increased competition between territories for resources, tourist flows, entrepreneurial initiatives, the principle "think global-ly – act locally" is the most effective. It is revealed that territorial marketing, aimed at the strategic development of the region, includes integrated resource management, promotion of economic development of the region, ensuring social well-being and stakeholder satisfaction, determination of business attraction strategies, and interaction with the local population. Both foreign and Russian experience of territorial marketing in the sphere of strategic development of regions is analyzed. The mechanisms of its realization are presented: regional marketing management, formation of an effective system of sales market, demand and supply, creation of a positive image and brand development. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the mechanisms of territorial marketing, taking into account the interests of all parties, comprehensively affect the development of the re-gion.

The article delves into the study of theoretical aspects of analyzing and developing a strategy for entering the international FMCG market by a wholesale trade enterprise. The methodology is based on theoretical research methods, bibliographic description and SWOT analysis. The work identifies the current state, problems and prospects for the development of the international FMCG market. Approaches to the classification of strategies for entering international (external) markets are identified and disclosed, the applicability of trading strategies, their advantages and disadvantages in the context of a wholesale trading enterprise in the FMCG market are assessed. The peculiarities of the strategy of entry of a wholesale trading company into the international FMCG market with a focus on multilateralism with a simultaneous uniform structure of the stages of strategy prepara-tion regardless of its type have been clarified. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the need to clarify the cause-and-effect relationships between the state of a particular wholesale trading com-pany, the chosen strategies and the results of entering the international FMCG market.

The emergence of humanity into the digital age has led to transformations in societal consciousness and socio-cultural space, thus highlighting the relevance of studying issues of social interaction in virtual reality. Due to pervasive digitization, the phenomenon of social manipulation has also taken on a pervasive character, espe-cially concerning the younger generation, whose life orientations and values are still in the process of for-mation. The article provides a sociological analysis of the concept of youth in the internet space as an object of social manipulation. It identifies the characteristics of the internet space that contribute to the spread of covert control practices in virtual reality. The author develops a theoretical-conceptual model of social manipulation in the internet space, based on which its subjects, goals, channels, and methods are described. The distinctive features of the application of modern technologies for social manipulation of youth in Russia and the USA are revealed.

This article provides archival information about Tatar girls who studied at Russian universities at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It informs about the educational institutions they attended, admission to schools and the learning environment conditions. During that period, women received education mainly in St. Petersburg. Raziya Kutluyarova was the first among Tatar ladies to study at higher medical courses. It is also known that Amina Batyrshina studied at that school, who later became famous as a doctor and public figure in the city of Baku. In addition, young Tatar women studied specialties related to various sectors of the national economy – polytechnics, trade, literary history, and natural sciences. Higher courses open to women were financed by private donations and from students' income. Therefore, not everyone could study there. It is known that in 1906–1918 twelve Tatar ladies studied at the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan Higher Courses. The article also touches on the issue of social activities of Tatar girls who received higher education. Among the girls who completed the courses, there are those who continued to receive higher education and engage in science. One of them, Maryam Gubaidullina, studied at the Kazan North-Eastern Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, gave lectures on the topic "Ethnography of the Kazan Tatars." As an appendix to the article, a list of Tatar ladies who studied at women's higher courses before the October Revolution is presented.

The article examines the relationship between philosophy and science, as well as the possible role of general systems theory in the formation of the field of consolidated philosophical and scientific knowledge. It is argued that the existing arguments concerning the incompatibility of philosophy with the criteria of scientificity only point to the existence of differences between philosophical knowledge and knowledge within the framework of private sciences. At the same time, philosophy is the methodological and paradigmatic basis of all sciences. It is suggested that it is expedient to return to the natural-philosophical concept of cognition, according to which the core of science is philosophy, and private sciences act as tools of cognition of separate subject areas. The methodological basis for the realization of the natural-philosophical concept today can be the general theory of systems, supplemented by the ontological component. In the article the idea of a common field of knowledge formed by philosophy and all private sciences is put forward. This field of cognition is formed by areas of three types: metaphysical knowledge, private sciences, and areas of generalized or universal knowledge, the cogni-tion of which can be carried out only by means of the general theory of systems. An extended version of the general theory of systems is proposed – the empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems, which, in the author's opinion, possesses the necessary capabilities for the realization of philosophical cognition. The pro-posed general theory of systems includes an epistemological component (metaphysics of material being) as well as an ontological component. А cognition of complex non-deterministic objects within the framework of empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems is realized by a wide set of tools: collections of patterns and primitives of systems, secondary laws and properties of objects, evolutionary way of cognition and laws of evo-lutionary growth of complexity of systems, as well as methodology of formation of reliable knowledge.

In the context of constant changes and the need to quickly respond to challenges from the outside world, the need for constant corporate training of personnel becomes mandatory for Russian business. Identification of basic directions for the development of corporate training systems and consolidation of best practices in this area is the goal of the work. As part of the research, in-depth interviews with the heads of corporate training functions of domestic large manufacturing companies were conducted, cases and documents were analyzed. According to the results, the corporate training system within the company, its representation and place in the organization's system largely depends on the personal attitude, vision basic attitudes regarding these areas of the CEO or HR director. Training is not a priority area for working with personnel; in the vast majority of cases, the corporate training function is a service function, the customer of which is the HR director.

The fact of existence of the limit of divisibility of matter, established earlier by the author, has an inevitable con-sequence of permanent loss by interacting matter of its motion. Since "heat death" due to this loss of motion has not occurred, therefore, there is a law providing restoration of motion. This law is the law of motion-position of matter. As an analog of the law of motion-position of matter, the article considers the law of conservation of mechanical energy, according to which kinetic energy (reflecting the motion of matter) can be reversibly trans-formed into potential energy (reflecting the mutual position of matter). The fundamental incompatibility of, on the one hand, the law of conservation of energy, corresponding to the relative description of being, and, on the other hand, the fact that motion is not irretrievably lost, corresponding to the absolute description of being close to absolute, is stated. The law of motion-position of matter in the assumption of birth of motion in the state of the greatest convergence of matter agrees with the existing cosmological ideas about the Big Bang and expan-sion of the Universe. The Universe in this case can be represented as an "energy independent" system. As the main problem, the study examines the determination of the mechanism of the growth of the velocity of material structures. The probable sought mechanism is the increase of (circumferential) rotational velocity at decreasing radius of rotation of material bodies, which can be rather complex material structures.

The problem of divergence of dialectical materialism from the materialist worldview, which causes the necessi-ty of epistemological and ontological comprehension of the known laws of dialectics, is considered. Since the law of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones and the law of negation of negation have been considered by the author in previous works, the subject of the study becomes the law of unity and struggle of opposites. The unity and contradictions of the object of cognition are placed in the focus of the research. The unity of the object of cognition is qualified within the framework of the system approach as its integrity, in turn defined through stability and localization. Consideration of contradictions of the object of cognition revealed their division into real and imaginary. Real contradictions are associated with the processes of creation and destruction, underlying the existence of all objects in the world. Imaginary contradictions arise in the process of cognition and include contradictions of unreliability of knowledge, methodological contradictions and termino-logical contradictions. Among the imaginary contradictions also includes the contradiction of identity and differ-ence of the object of cognition.

The article is aimed at improving the norms enshrined in Articles 230, 2281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Article 6.13 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, Article 46 of the Federal Law "Concerning Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances". In order to improve the accuracy of qualifi-cation, the author develops a definition for the concept of "arousal of desire" in relation to drug use, which char-acterizes the crime under Article 230 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. With the aim of differen-tiating the actions of inducement to drug use, their propaganda and advertising, it is proposed to clarify the ori-entation of the latter to an indefinite circle of persons, fixing its legal signs. To ensure a uniform qualification of inducement to drug use coupled with illegal sale of drugs, a normative rule for the qualification of such situa-tions is substantiated. Models for changing legal norms are proposed taking into account the experience of legislators and scientists from Switzerland and Germany.

In the course of research on the history of Tatar forced laborers, the author came across a little-known chapter of Vorarlberg's history: the tragic history of a Muslim minority, Turkic-speaking Crimean Tatars, who fell between the millstones of the Nazi policy of conquest and extermination in Eastern Europe and Stalinist tyranny and were suffering a lot in the process. One trace of this minority leads to Austria's westernmost State of Vorarlberg: In 1945/46, a refugee group of surviving Crimean Tatars was stranded here and housed in the village of Alberschwende.

The article's subject of study is the extreme principle, according to which the system behaves in such a way that some value characterizing its activity takes an extreme (minimum or maximum) possible value. The content of the extreme principle, its formulations, as well as a special case of its manifestation in the form of the principle of least action are considered. The connection between the extreme principle, on the one hand, and primary properties and basic laws of being, on the other hand, is revealed. The sought connection can be built through the law of supersystems overreaction formulated by the author in the previous paper, which is one of the prima-ry laws of being and is determined from the analysis of evolution at the lowest level of material structures. The dissipative nature of all existing real systems means their existence at the expense of supersystems' resources and determines the limitations of behavior, which in the framework of epistemology can be formalized in the form of an extreme principle.

The article examines the ontological genesis of good and evil, the place of ideas about these categories, as well as ethical tools in the form of moral and ethical norms in the system of knowledge about the world. It states the existence of the problem of fragmentation of the knowledge system, which affects the sphere of philoso-phy, including ethics. The origin of good and evil from the processes of creation and destruction is argued. Thus, the connection between the ideas about these categories and the understanding of benefits for mankind, society and civilization is shown, as well as the historicity of ethical ideas that change with the expansion of knowledge and socio-economic development of society. As a priority direction in the evolution of the system of moral and ethical perceptions, the development of the system of knowledge, of which ethics is a part, is sug-gested. Such development can be facilitated by the empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems pro-posed by the author. There is a significant discrepancy between legal theory and practice and the system of ethical ideas, the overcoming of which can also be ensured by the expansion of knowledge and the formation of their integral system.

The article considers the possibility of solving the fundamental problems of cognition through the use of gen-eral systems theory as an epistemology. For this purpose it is necessary to develop and expand the general theory of systems, which is achieved through its rethinking from the position of essentialism. The expected properties of such a reinterpreted general theory of systems will give it an advantage over epistemology. These advantages are due to the greater transparency of the general theory of systems, as well as the orientation to the traductive methods of thinking, best suited to the task of forming a system of knowledge as a model of be-ing with unattainable absolute certainty. In the framework of the general theory of systems (reinterpreted from the position of essentialism) the problem of cognizability of the world is solved based on the recognition of the existence of isomorphisms – the most important empirical fact, confirming the finite complexity of the world and the possibility of its cognition. According to the general theory of systems, the limitedness of our knowledge refers to particularities, minor details, but not to the general understanding of forms, phenomena and the laws of the universe corresponding to them.