In January 2019, New York's Museo del Barrio canceled a retrospective of the Chilean multimedia artist Alejandro Jodorowsky due to public protest over his claim that he raped the lead actress in his 1970 film El Topo (The Mole). For decades, Jodorowsky's film was synonymous with the cult spectatorship it inspired among its New York audiences, who attended screenings ritualistically. This paper argues for a feminist critique of cult spectatorship that considers Jodorowsky's violence against women as central to the category of cult. By tracing Jodorowsky's evisceration of women's flesh from his early performance practices through his midnight movies, I show how the advent of cult spectatorship marked a historical transition away from classical spectatorship, characterized by absorption and linked to a rational public sphere, toward postmodern spectatorship, characterized by distracted consumption and linked to cybernetic control.
The Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola and are broadly similar in terms of geography and historical institutions, yet their growth performance has diverged remarkably. The countries had the same per capita real GDP in 1960 but, by 2005, the Dominican Republic's per capita real GDP had tripled whereas that of Haiti had halved. Drawing on the growth literature, the paper explains this divergence through a combined approach that includes a panel regression to study growth determinants across a broad group of countries, and a case study framework to better understand the s
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La Política Nacional Ambiental para el Desarrollo Sostenible de los espacios oceánicos y las zonas costeras e insulares de Colombia (PNAOCI) cumple dieciocho años desde su expedición, y en el presente trabajo se analizarán los resultados (outcomes) de su implementación en materia de participación local de los pescadores tradicionales, tomando como área geográfica el municipio de San Antero (Córdoba) y sus dos sitios de desembarco principales: "Muelles Cispatá" y "Caño Lobo". Los objetivos específicos que orientan el trabajo consisten en (i) identificar la manera en que se desarrollan los procesos de ordenamiento y planificación del territorio marino- costero, (ii) determinar la forma en que los pescadores se relacionan con la idea de "estructura ecosistémica", e (iii) identificar las situaciones empíricamente observables que relacionan la participación de los pescadores con el proceso de ordenamiento del territorio marino-costero. Se desarrolló la metodología de estudio de caso, según los parámetros descritos por Yin (2009). En la fase de campo se implementó la técnica de "bola de nieve" y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los participantes, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante un proceso de codificación empleando el software Atlas Ti 8.0. Se entrevistaron 54 pescadores artesanales en total, un (1) funcionario de la corporación ambiental – CVS- y una profesional- bióloga- de la zona. Con relación al primer objetivo específico, se obtuvo que la participación local promovida desde la Corporación ambiental, entidades del gobierno y la academia es principalmente "pasiva", es decir de tipo consultivo o informativo. Por su parte, la comunidad de pescadores desarrolla algunos procesos categorizados dentro de la participación "activa", por ejemplo la rehabilitación de caños y el manglar de la Bahía de Cispatá, así como en la toma de datos e información pesquera. De igual forma, mediante la operación de las asociaciones de pescadores, siendo este su espacio de expresión de opiniones y necesidades, así como de emprendimiento local. Con relación al objetivo específico 2, los pescadores reconocen la importancia del manglar por su función de criadero y refugio de especies para la pesca, principalmente. Un ejemplo destacable es la consolidación de la asociación "Asocaimán", constituida por pescadores y excazadores del caimán aguja Crocodylus acutus, quienes hoy en día se dedican a la conservación de la especie y del manglar, mediante la participación de la comunidad, tanto a nivel operativo como administrativo. Se concluye que en materia de participación local para el ordenamiento marino- costero, la PNAOCI se implementa principalmente bajo el enfoque "top-down", con mecanismos de "participación pasiva" que son promovidos desde la Corporación ambiental (CVS), que siguen estando en un nivel de consulta, divulgación o capacitación. Por último, se considera importante fortalecer ambos enfoques de implementación (top-down y bottom up), para que desde múltiples vías se logre atender los problemas ambientales del territorio marino y costero del país. ; Abstract: The National Environmental Policy for the Sustainable Development of Oceanic Spaces and the Coastal and Insular Areas of Colombia (PNAOCI) is eighteen years old since its issuance, and this paper will analyze its implementation results (outcomes) in terms of traditional fishermen´s local participation, taking as a geographical area the municipality of San Antero (Córdoba- Colombia) and its two main landing sites: "Muelles Cispata" and "Caño Lobo". The specific objectives that guide this work consist of (i) identify the way the marine-coastal territory planning processes are developed, (ii) determine the way the fishermen relate to the idea of " ecosystemic structure", and (iii) identify the empirically observable situations linking fishermen´s participation with the marine-coastal territory planning process. The case study methodology was developed, according to the parameters described by Yin (2009). In the field phase, the "snowball" technique was implemented and semi-structured interviews were conducted, which were analyzed through a coding process using the Atlas Ti 8.0 software. A total of 54 artisanal fishermen were interviewed, one (1) official from the environmental corporation - CVS - and one professional – biologist- from the area. Regarding the first specific objective, it was obtained that the local participation promoted by the Environmental Corporation, government entities and academia is mainly "passive", that is to say, "consultative or informative". For its part, the fishing community develops some processes categorized within the "active" participation, for example the rehabilitation of pipes and the mangrove of the Bay of Cispata, the collection of data and fishing information; through the fishermen´s associations, which are useful to express the fishermen´s needs and opinions, and developing local entrepreneurship. Regarding the second specific objective, fishermen recognize the importance of the mangrove forest for its function as a nursery and species´s refuge for fishing, mainly. A notable example is the consolidation of the "Asocaimán" association, made up of fishermen and ex-hunters of the alligator -Crocodylus acutus-, who nowadays dedicate themselves to the species and mangrove conservation, through the community participation, both at an operational and administrative level. In conclusion, in terms of local participation for marine-coastal management, the policy PNAOCI is implemented mainly under the "top-down" approach, with mechanisms of "passive participation" that are promoted by the Environmental Corporation (CVS), and continue at a consultation, dissemination or training level. Finally, it is considered important to strengthen both implementation approaches (top-down and bottom up), so that the environmental problems of the country's marine and coastal territory can be addressed from multiple ways, with integral and transversal solutions. ; Maestría
El presente trabajo es sobre el derecho a saber. Como derecho y como obligación jurídica. Como derecho configurado a través de largas luchas de la humanidad y como obligación porque de acuerdo al rol que desempeñe la persona, funcionario o institución se está en la necesidad de entregar o publicar la información que se posea. Este derecho y esta obligación no son absolutos y tienen sus excepciones. En el desarrollo de este trabajo se estudia el derecho a saber y ante el dilema de saber que en principio toda la información siendo publica no deba publicarse por existir restricciones, se dará respuesta o soluciones a este dilema. Inicialmente se explica el dilema, se estudia su evolución histórica y se le justifica bajo principios universalmente aceptados presentando dos soluciones, una política y otra de tipo jurídica, cada una merece un desarrollo independiente, al final del cual se hacen las respectivas conclusiones que sirven de justificación a la solución del dilema o problema propuesto. ; The present work is about the right to know. As a right and as a legal obligation. As a right configured through long struggles of humanity and as an obligation because according to the role played by the person, official or institution is necessary to deliver or publish the information that is possessed. This right and this obligation are not absolute and have their exceptions. In the development of this work we study the right to know and before the dilemma of knowing that in principle all the information being published should not be published because there are restrictions, answers or solutions to this dilemma will be given. Initially the dilemma is explained, its historical evolution is studied and it is justified under universally accepted principles presenting two solutions, one policy and another of a legal nature, each one deserves an independent development, at the end of which the respective conclusions are made that serve as justification to the solution of the proposed dilemma or problem.
Cover -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- ABSTRACT -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DATA AND EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY -- A. Data -- B. Empirical Framework -- III. EMPIRICAL RESULTS -- A. Baseline -- B. Robustness Checks -- IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- REFERENCES -- TABLES -- Table 1. Example: Identification of Reform Episodes -- Table 2: Effect of Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- FIGURES -- 1. Direct Tax Reform Indicators Over Time -- 2. Indirect Tax Reform Indicators Over Time -- 3. Effect of Direct Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- 4. Effect of PIT Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- 5. Effect of CIT Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- 6. Effect of Indirect Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- 7. Effect of Direct Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing Depending on the Direction of the Reform -- 8. Effect of Indirect Tax Rate Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing Depending on the Direction of the Reform -- 9. Effect of Direct Tax Reforms on Tax Elasticity with Respect to Output -- 10. Effect of Indirect Tax Reforms on Tax Elasticity with Respect to Output -- 11. Effect of PIT Reforms on Tax Progressivity -- 12. Effect of VAT Reforms on C-Efficiency -- 13. Effect of Direct Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing Controlling for the Initial Level of Public Debt -- 14. IV Estimator: Effect of PIT Reforms on Tax Progressivity -- 15. GMM Estimator: Effect of Direct Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- 16. Alternative Reform Threshold: Effect of Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- 17. Alternative Reform Codification: Effect of Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- 18. Alternative Database: Effect of Tax Reforms on Fiscal Shock Smoothing -- APPENDICES -- Table A1. OECD: Distribution of Tax Policy Changes in the TPRD Database -- Table A2. 13 OECD Countries: Summary Statistics - Exogenous Database.
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