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This contribution analyses processes of core formation and peripheralisation in the Habsburg Monarchy, focusing on political, economic and cultural factors and their interplay in various provinces of the Empire. It also discusses strategies of overcoming regional imbalances: on the one hand considering fiscal redistribution and regional autonomy within the Empire, and on the other the strife for secession and national independence. New state building was only an option for provinces with a majority of non-German or non-Magyar inhabitants (e.g. Poles, Italians, Serbs, Czechs), whereas peripheral regions within the cores lacked this possibility. In the post-Habsburg successor states existing imbalances and dependencies underwent reconfiguration according to the new international framework. Peripherality can thus be considered as a relation that takes different forms, according to scale, size and unit of analysis. ; This contribution analyses processes of core formation and peripheralisation in the Habsburg Monarchy, focusing on political, economic and cultural factors and their interplay in various provinces of the Empire. It also discusses strategies of overcoming regional imbalances: on the one hand considering fiscal redistribution and regional autonomy within the Empire, and on the other the strife for secession and national independence. New state building was only an option for provinces with a majority of non-German or non-Magyar inhabitants (e.g. Poles, Italians, Serbs, Czechs), whereas peripheral regions within the cores lacked this possibility. In the post-Habsburg successor states existing imbalances and dependencies underwent reconfiguration according to the new international framework. Peripherality can thus be considered as a relation that takes different forms, according to scale, size and unit of analysis.

The decline of the "West" and the loss of U.S. global hegemony is accompanied by a three-sided debate. Some scholars have argued that emerging powers in the Global South will succeed the United States and assume a hegemonic role in the world-economy. They argue that China or an alliance of semi-peripheral states in the South will dominate capitalist or post-capitalist cycles of accumulation in the future. Other scholars rather think that China and other emerging states will find it difficult to catch up and assume a hegemonic role. This paper discusses the consequences of decline for the West and describes three possible western responses to its global economic and hegemonic decline: Resisting Decline—The West will seek to maintain its claim to lead by mobilizing defensive and aggressive military forces, searching for new alliances and partnerships, undermining old and new competitors; Suffering (Semi-) Peripheralization—The West will surrender control of global commodity chains, which will move to the new cores, a development that will contribute to social polarization and the precarization of labour-relations in the old core; Accepting Re-regionalization/Provincialization—The West will accept the loss of hegemony and become just another "province" of the world.

"Der Beitrag zeigt die Breite der mit Informalität angesprochenen Phänomene auf und ordnet diese drei zentralen Informalisierungsprozessen zu: Auslagerung der Produktion in ungeregelte, ungesicherte Bereiche; Flexibilisierung der Arbeitsverhältnisse; Informalisierung als Überlebensstrategie von Menschen ohne Zugang zu gesicherter Erwerbsarbeit. Es wird ein Kategoriensystem vorgestellt, das zwischen reziproker, kommodifizierter und tributärer Arbeit unterscheidet, gleichzeitig aber davon ausgeht, dass die Tendenz zur Verallgemeinerung bezahlter, regulierter Erwerbsarbeit eine eurozentrisch-westliche Verengung der Perspektive darstellte, periphere Regionen ausklammerte und zudem auf den Zeitraum 1880-1980 beschränkt war. Aus globalhistorischer Perspektive ist es dagegen notwendig, die Gleichzeitigkeit und Kombination von Arbeitsverhältnissen zu berücksichtigen, die sich durch den ständigen Wechsel und die Gegenläufigkeit von parallel stattfindenden Formalisierungs- und Informalisierungsprozessen auszeichnen." (Autorenreferat)

Résumé Cet article discute le développement inégal des relations sociales dans le monde au cours des deux derniers siècles. Il est centré sur trois années représentatives (1800, 1880 et 1980) et sur l'industrie textile dans trois régions (Basse-Autriche, Syrie-Liban, Gujarat-Maharashtra). Il reconstruit le développement combiné et inégal de la division spatiale du travail, car des localisations différentes impliquent des variations dans les formes d'organisation des entreprises, les relations professionnelles, les modèles de régulation politique et les techniques. Il apparaît alors que la « globalisation » économique n'est pas un phénomène récent, mais qu'elle a démarré au plus tard dans les années 1800.