Suchergebnisse

En la actualidad, existe en México un debate público entre dos corrientes opuestas del pensamiento económico y político: el conservadurismo contra el liberalismo. El propósito de este artículo es analizar la confrontación análoga ocurrida en años previos y durante la gran depresión, que llevó a un cambio de ideas y políticas económicas en México, de las clásicas-neoclásicas, a las keynesianas. Para ello, se hace un minucioso análisis de las revistas Examen de las Condiciones Bancarias e Industriales, y la Revista Mexicana de Economía, y de la obra de Alberto J. Pani, Mi contribución al nuevo régimen. Se encontraron evidencias concretas de un cambio radical en 1932, de la política contraccionista a la expansionista, que dieron fin a la gran depresión –con cierta anticipación– en México.

The objective of this paper is to measure the spatial changes that have occurred in the working conditions of women in the agricultural sector in the 32 states of Mexico, during the 2008-2017 period. For this, an index is elaborated that considers three factors: rate of occupied female population that receives some remuneration, rate of occupied female population that has access to health and other benefits, and rate of employed female population that does not receive any remuneration. The results of the index for 2017 show persistent precariousness in the working conditions of women in the southern states: Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas, with indexes of 0.13, 0.17 and 0.2, respectively. In contrast, the states of the northwest: Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California Sur and Chihuahua, continue presenting the best results with indexes of 0.74, 0.66, 0.66, 0.59 and 0.55, respectively. Relatively more industrialized states, such as Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Coahuila and Nuevo León, have improved working conditions by increasing the index considerably, suggesting the existence of a spillover effect on the agricultural sector.

Aims: this study reports the foundations, strategies, and results of an institutional change experience based on the combination of participatory-action-research and new currents of collective mobilization and political participation. It aimed to achieve the institution's greater social commitment and a more participatory and transparent management. Methods: the process took place in a Spanish public university and was promoted and coordinated by a Work Group that emerged from grassroots university community. Collective diagnosis was performed through face-to-face strategies (global, sectorial, and faculty meetings) and virtual tools (web-blog, on-line surveys, shared documents). Collective action combined nonformal with formal institutional participation and applied hybrid activism, self-organization in horizontal structures and integrative conflict management. Results: a sequential process of diagnosis, collective action, and negotiation was implemented. As a result, the university Governing Team, representatives from different sectors and members of the Work Group worked jointly to define several institutional actions that were thereafter launched. Those actions aimed to improve institutional participation and transparency, and greater institutional social commitment. Conclusion: the combination of participatory-action-research and new ways of collective action can be an excellent tool to draw institutions towards greater social engagement, thus contributing to sustainable social change. A model to guide institutional change is drafted.

This paper presents new equations for estimating above-ground biomass (AGB) and biomass components of seventeen forest species in the temperate forests of northwestern Mexico. A data set corresponding to 1336 destructively sampled oak and pine trees was used to fit the models. The generalized method of moments was used to simultaneously fit systems of equations for biomass components and AGB, to ensure additivity. In addition, the carbon content of each tree component was calculated by the dry combustion method, in a TOC analyser. The results of cross-validation indicated that the fitted equations accounted for on average 91%, 82%, 83% and 76% of the observed variance in stem wood and stem bark, branch and foliage biomass, respectively, whereas the total AGB equations explained on average 93% of the total observed variance in AGB. The inclusion of total height (h) or diameter at breast height2 × total height (d2h) as a predictor in the d-only based equations systems slightly improved estimates for stem wood, stem bark and total above-ground biomass, and greatly improved the estimates produced by the branch and foliage biomass equations. The predictive power of the proposed equations is higher than that of existing models for the study area. The fitted equations were used to estimate stand level AGB stocks from data on growing stock in 429 permanent sampling plots. Three machine-learning techniques were used to model the estimated stand level AGB and carbon contents; the selected models were used to map the AGB and carbon distributions in the study area, for which mean values of respectively 129.84 Mg ha−1 and 63.80 Mg ha−1 were obtained. ; This study was financially supported by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT) and by the State of Durango Government (Project FOMIX- DGO-2011-C01-165681) ; SI

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el grado de apertura y concentración/diversificación geográfica del comercio entre Estados Unidos y China en el período 1990-2021. Para ello se utilizan dos indicadores de comercio exterior: el Coeficiente de Apertura y el Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (IHH). El estudio muestra que Estados Unidos ha experimentado una presencia relativamente menor que China en los mercados internacionales, y que en ambas potencias económicas existe una mayor diversificación de productos y mercados de exportación. Derivado de la posición y el creciente dinamismo comercial de China en los mercados internacionales, en 2018 Estados Unidos inició un cambio en la política comercial, desde una posición de mayor apertura, hacia la construcción estratégica de un bloque regional proteccionista frente a China, materializado en el Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC).