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The paper investigates the phenomenon of a declared pandemic and the processes that take place within such a situation. It's about processes in education, culture, economy, and social life in general. Those processes could not have happened if the pandemic had not been declared. It can be said that we are living in a turning point that should establish a new state of affairs in public and private life. That new state of affairs implies a new paradigm representing a kind of refeudalization of various parameters related to the significant denial of various rights and freedoms. The new paradigm includes a significant degree of control, ie. various forms of supervision and forced medical treatments. The new state of affairs has its slogans such as "social distancing", "new normal", "digitalization", etc. Those slogans are contrasted with the slogans of freedom, equality, and fraternity that marked the creation of civil society during the French Revolution. The declaration of a pandemic enabled the introduction of restrictive measures that go beyond medicine and primarily relate to basic human rights and freedoms. In this way, from the sphere of medicine, it entered the sphere of philosophy, sociology, politics, and other areas of human social practice. Propaganda has produced a situation in which it has made fear a desirable state of affairs. Those who were not afraid, as a rule, were declared non-solidarity and irresponsible persons who endanger other people, the health system, the functioning of the state, etc. People agreed to the measures either out of primal existential fear or out of fear of punishment if they did not respect them. Deconstruction of the so-called old normal would also represent the deconstruction of the existing civil society and the establishment of new totalitarianism. The articles of recognized scientists, such as Kary Mullis, Luc Montagnier, John Ioannidis, etc., if they did not fit into the given matrix, were either ignored or declared unscientific. It could be argued that the declared pandemic was primarily a political project. Its factual ending also testifies to this. Pandemization entered a standby state when the Russian special military operation on the territory of Ukraine began in February 2022.

Srpski republikanci su od osnivanja Republikanske stranke januara 1920. u Beogradu bili suočeni sa malom podrškom stanovnika jugoslovenske monarhije. Nisu se obeshrabrili u svom političkom delovanju, nego su pokušali da sarađuju sa većinom političkih grupa koje su bile ili su mogle biti bliske njihovim političkim shvatanjima i stavovima. U tom smislu okrenuli su se Hrvatskoj republikanskoj seljačkoj stranci (HRSS) Stjepana Radića, koja je od izbora za Konstituantu novembra 1920. pokazala veliku snagu u političkom životu međuratne jugoslovenske monarhije. Međutim, već tokom 1921. godine doživeli su izvesna razočaranja u pogledu delovanja Stjepana Radića i HRSS prema jugoslovenskoj državi i ideji jugoslovenstva, ali nisu odmah odustali od pokušaja saradnje. Najveća aktivnost u približavanju stavova HRSS i srpskih republikanaca odigrala se tokom 1922. godine, kada se pokazalo da saradnja nije ostvariva zbog drugačijeg cilja političkog delovanja Stjepana Radića i hrvatskih republikanaca. Odnos srpskih republikanaca i hrvatskih nacional-republikanaca analiziran je i prikazan u radu na osnovu izvora pohranjenih u Arhivu Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, Arhivu Jugoslavije, Hrvatskom državnom arhivu u Zagrebu, štampe, periodike i relevantne istoriografske literature.

Ruralni prostor, nakon desetljećâ urbanocentričnog pogleda na svijet, ponovo postaje predmetom teorijskih rasprava i konceptualizacija. Posljedica je to (r)evolucije socijalne misli s jedne te općega društvenog razvoja s druge strane, zahvaljujući čemu u gospodarski razvijenim državama ruralna područja postaju sve važniji alternativni životni i radni izbor u odnosu na gradove. Teorijska razmatranja prostora, dosada pretežito usmjerena na velike gradove i urbane sustave (globalni grad, umreženo društvo, postmoderni grad), sve češće propituju refleksije postmodernih perspektiva razumijevanja prostora u ruralnom kontekstu, oživljujući time neminovno i interese za tradicionalnije shvaćanje ruralnosti. U članku se, slijedeći funkcionalni, političko-ekonomski, socijalno-geografski koncept münchenske škole te koncept socijalne konstrukcije ruralnosti, iznose, uspoređuju i komentiraju načini razumijevanja ruralnog prostora i njihove implikacije za definiranje tog pojma. Analizom primjerâ iz inozemstva i Hrvatske transformira se i oblikuje autorov stav o pojmu ruralnog prostora. ; Rural areas are becoming an important part of theorizing about space and place. Both the (r)evolution of social thought and the fact that rural areas are becoming an important alternative living and working environment in more developed countries have contributed to that fact. After being theoretically neglected due to the focus on urban areas (global city, network society, postmodern city), there is a growing interest now to study the reflections of the postmodern perspectives on the countryside. Eventually, this also leads towards the revival of interest in more traditional approaches and conceptualizing rurality in general. In order to compare and discuss different perspectives and theories of rurality, four different concepts have been used in the paper, namely: the functional concept, the socio-geographic concept of the German (Munich) school, the political economy approach in conceptualizing rurality and the concept of social construction of rurality. Using those concepts and examples from Croatia and abroad, the author transforms and creates his own position towards understanding rural space.

LEADER se često ističe kao uspješan primjer programa ruralnog razvoja, iako se brojna znanstvena istraživanja istovremeno i kritički osvrću na njegovu implementaciju. Cilj ovog članka pridonijeti je razumijevanju djelovanja lokalnih akcijskih grupa (LAG-ova) u Hrvatskoj u inicijalnoj fazi službene implementacije LEADER-a i u uvjetima stvaranja novih odnosa moći u ruralnim područjima. Naglasak je na socijalnim obilježjima nove projektne klase povezane s LEADER-om, pitanjima financiranja, utjecaja lokalne politike, povjerenja i uključenosti lokalne zajednice. Metodološki okvir rada predstavlja geografski i tipološki pristup ruralnim područjima Hrvatske, kako bi LAG-ovi odabrani u uzorak odražavali demogeografsku, gospodarsku i socijalnu raznovrsnost ruralne Hrvatske. S predstavnicima izabranih LAG-ova provedeni su dubinski polustrukturirani intervjui. Rezultati upućuju da je u kontekstu povezanosti s lokalnim područjem djelovanja, u analitičkom smislu, podjela projektne klase na vanjsku i unutarnju mogući novi način njezina promatranja. Nadalje, iako se financijski indikatori uspješnosti projekta (iskorištenost sredstava) često koriste kao jedini ili vodeći kriteriji vrednovanja, istraživanje je pokazalo da se samo njima ne može utvrditi vjerodostojnost primjene načela LEADER-a, odnosno odgovor na najvažnije potrebe lokalnih zajednica. Utjecaj lokalne politike posebno je bio izražen u dvama suprotnim prostornim kontekstima: bio je vrlo izražen u slučaju primjera ruralne periferije i gotovo ga nema u slučaju demografski dinamičnijih i ekonomski razvijenijih ruralnih područja. ; LEADER has often been praised as a successful approach to rural development, although its implementation is not without scholarly critiques. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of how LEADER, now in its initial phase in Croatia, operates within the shifting local power relations in rural areas. We focus on questions concerning the social background of the new LEADER project class, financing, the influence of local politics and the trust and involvement of the local population. Since factors contributing to success and failure of EU programmes have often been attributed to their localization into a specific territorial context, among other things, we use a regional and typological approach in selecting 10 LAGs for conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that, in relation to the local territorial context, the differentiation between the internal and external project classes might be useful as an analytical tool. Furthermore, we have confirmed that there might be pitfalls in using financial criteria as the only instrument of assessment for evaluation which disregards whether the projects implemented are inclusive and responsive to the needs of the whole of local populace - which runs contrary to the basic tenets of LEADER. Finally, the role of local politics has been specifically identified in two diametrical territorial contexts (rural periphery, and more dynamic developed areas).

Researches indicate that the use of bicycles as a means of transportation and form of recreation is increasing in cities in the world's developed countries, and that it brings with it a humanization of urban spaces and improved quality of life. Bicycle use has rarely been the topic of scholarly interest in Zagreb or Croatia as a whole, especially among student population. Therefore, a survey was conducted among students of the University of Zagreb to gauge their expectations of bicycle use and other forms of transport in Zagreb. The questioning encompassed 238 student cyclists and 359 student non-cyclists, selected by a combination of representative and focused sampling. The results point toward significant statistical discrepancies between the two student groups in their manner of using bicycles and other means of transport. Furthermore, student expectations of the city government encompass, besides anticipated measures to improve the cycling infrastructure, a series of other measures, such as, for example, subsidies for bicycle purchases and the introduction of a public bicycle sharing system. The conclusion includes six proposals for activities aimed at increasing the number of bicycle users to be undertaken by the city government and other interested parties. ; Istraživanja ukazuju da je korištenje bicikla kao prijevoznog sredstva i oblika rekreacije sve učestalije u gradovima razvijenih zemalja svijeta, te da pridonosi humanizaciji gradskih prostora i podizanju kvalitete življenja. U Zagrebu i Hrvatskoj biciklistički promet i korištenje bicikla rijetko su bili predmetom znanstvenog interesa. Stoga su anketom istražena očekivanja studenata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu prema korištenju bicikla i ostalim oblicima prometa u Zagrebu. Ispitano je 238 studenata biciklista i 359 studenata nebiciklista, odabranih kombinacijom reprezentativnog i namjernog uzorka. Rezultati upućuju na značajne statističke razlike između dvije studentske skupine u načinu korištenja bicikla i ostalih prijevoznih sredstava. Nadalje, studentska očekivanja od gradskih vlast, uz očekivane mjere poboljšanja biciklističke infrastrukture, obuhvaćaju i niz drugih, primjerice subvencije za kupnju bicikla i uvođenje sustava javnih gradskih bicikala. U zaključku članka navodi se šest prijedloga za aktivnosti gradskih vlasti i ostalih zainteresiranih strana u podizanju broja korisnika bicikla.

Snažno gospodarsko i demografsko zaostajanje dulje je vrijeme jedno od temeljnih razvojnih obilježja perifernih krških područja Hrvatske. Zbog spomenutih obilježja glavni je cilj rada istražiti stavove studenata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu o razvojnim potencijalima tih krajeva. Anketnim upitnikom na kvotnom uzorku od 490 studenata Sveučilišta u Zagrebu ispitivana je spremnost ispitanika za povratak ili preseljenje u te krajeve, kao i veza između iskazane spremnosti i njihove osobne povezanosti s tim krajevima rođenjem ili porijeklom. Također su identificirane gospodarske djelatnosti i nositelji razvoja koje ispitanici smatraju ključnima u procesu revitalizacije problemskih krških područja. Naposljetku su analizirana predviđanja ispitanika povezana s budućim razvojem tih krajeva. Rezultati upućuju na višeslojno poimanje prostora. Utvrđena je niska razina spremnosti ispitanika za povratak ili useljenje u navedena područja, pri čemu su ispitanici koji su za ove krajeve vezani mjestom rođenja ili porijekla značajno više razmišljali o povratku ili preseljenju. Kao gospodarske djelatnosti ključne za revitalizaciju ispitanici su izdvojili ruralni turizam i ekološku poljoprivredu, a kao najprihvatljivije nositelje razvoja jedinice regionalne samouprave i središnju državnu vlast. Također, ispitanici prevladavajuće negativno predviđaju budućnost hrvatskih perifernih krških krajeva. ; Lagging behind in economic and demographic development has been one of the fundamental features of Croatian peripheral karst areas for a long time. For that reason, the main research goal of this paper was to analyse attitudes of students from the University of Zagreb regarding the revitalisation potential for Croatian peripheral karst areas. A questionnaire survey was conducted using quota sampling, whereby 490 students were included. The willingness of respondents to return or move to peripheral karst areas was examined, as well as the association between the respondents' stated willingness and connection to these areas by place of birth or origin. Furthermore, economic activities that respondents saw as crucial to the revitalisation processes of karst problem areas were identified. Respondents' views on the possible future development of peripheral karst areas were also analysed. The results point to multi-faceted views of the area. A low level of willingness to return or move to peripheral karst areas on the part of the respondents was determined, whereby respondents, who were linked with peripheral karst areas by birthplace or origin, considered moving or returning to these areas significantly more. Rural tourism and organic agriculture were seen as the most important economic activities in the process of revitalisation. Regional self-government units and central state government were defined by respondents as most important actors in the process of revitalisation. Finally, respondents' predictions about the future of peripheral karst areas were predominantly negative.

U radu je pobliže razmotreno pulsiranje razvoja hrvatskoga zadrugarstva tijekom više od 150 godina duge tradicije njegova djelovanja, recentni razvojni trendovi i prostorno diferencirana razvijenost u suvremenom razdoblju. Rezultati pokazuju da je, unatoč dugoj tradiciji, hrvatsko zadrugarstvo u recentnom razdoblju suočeno s nizom razvojnih problema. Temeljni je uzrok takva stanja neodgovarajuća pravna regulativa – neusklađenost zakona o zadrugama i suodnosnih zakona koji su relevantni za funkcioniranje zadružnoga poduzetništva, što se nepovoljno odražava na sve zadružne sektore, posebno na poljoprivredno zadrugarstvo kao njegov najrazvijeniji sektor. Rezultat je toga marginalan doprinos zadrugarstva gospodarsko-socijalnom razvoju demografski sve više destabiliziranih ruralnih područja države. ; This paper closely examines the fluctuations in development of agricultural cooperatives in Croatia during their 150-year-long tradition, as well as recent development trends, and spatially-differentiated development in the contemporary era. The results show that, despite the long tradition, contemporary Croatian cooperatives have been faced with a series of development problems. The main cause of that situation is inadequate legislation - a poorly adjusted law on cooperatives and correlative laws that are relevant for the functioning of cooperative entrepreneurship. This reflects unfavourably in all cooperative sectors, specifically agricultural cooperatives as its most developed sector. This has resulted in a marginal contribution of cooperatives to the socioeconomic development of the nation's demographically ever more destabilised rural areas.

U radu su pobliže istraženi teritorijalna kohezija i politika ruralnoga razvoja Europske unije, regionalne razlike u razvijenosti zadrugarstva te njegov prostorno diferenciran utjecaj na socijalno-ekonomski razvoj Hrvatske. Rezultati potvrđuju važnost zadrugarstva kao čimbenika teritorijalne kohezije te visok stupanj pozitivne korelacije između zaostajanja u regionalnom odnosno ruralnom razvoju i razvijenosti zadružnoga sektora. Zadrugarstvo najviše utječe na regionalni razvoj u Južnoj Hrvatskoj, tj. Dalmaciji (posebno na socijalni razvoj) i Istočnoj Hrvatskoj (posebno na gospodarski razvoj). Najveći utjecaj na ruralni razvoj zadrugarstvo ima u županijama s najvećim udjelom jedinica lokalne samouprave (upravnih gradova i općina) s indeksom razvijenosti ispod 75 % državnoga prosjeka, prije svega u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj i Osječko-baranjskoj županiji. ; This paper closely examines the territorial cohesion and rural development policies of the European Union, regional differences in the level of development of the cooperative system, and its spatially-differentiated influence on the social and economic development of Croatia. The results confirmed the importance of the cooperative system as a factor of territorial cohesion, and the high level of positive correlation between lagging behind in regional and rural development, and the level of development of the cooperative system. The cooperative system has had the greatest influence on regional development in Southern Croatia/Dalmatia (especially on social development) and in Eastern Croatia (especially on economic development). It has had the highest impact on rural development in counties with the largest share of local self-government units (administrative towns and municipalities) with a development index below 75% of the national average – primarily in Vukovar-Srijem and Osijek-Baranja Counties.