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THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS AND TESTS TWO ARGUMENTS ABOUT HOW THE DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES INFLUENCE ARMS CONTROL BARGAINING. PRINCIPAL-AGENT MODELS OF ELECTIONS WITH RETROSPECTIVE VOTERS FORM THE BASIS OF A FORMAL MODEL LINKING ELECTIONS AND ARMS CONTROL. IT IMPLIES THAT THE UNITED STATES OFFERS ADDITIONAL CONCESSIONS AS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS DETERIORATE, BUT ALSO THAT THIS EFFECT DECLINES AS CONDITIONS GET WORSE. CONGRESS' CONTROL OF THE DEFENSE BUDGET PROVIDES A WAY TO AFFECT THE SOVIETS' RESERVATION LEVEL FOR NEGOTIATIONS. BUT IF THE SOVIETS ANTICIPATE CONGRESSIONAL ACTIONS, THE ONLY EFFECTS ARE REDUCED SOVIET CONCESSIONS IMMEDIATELY BEFORE CRITICAL VOTES ON DEFENSE AND A RESPONSE TO THE OUTCOME OF THE VOTE. AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF U.S. AND SOVIET BARGAINING BEHAVIOR DURING THE 1970S SUPPORTS THESE HYPOTHESES. THE UNITED STATES INCREASES ITS CONCESSIONS AS INFLATION HEIGHTENS. THE SOVIETS REDUCE THEIR CONCESSIONS DURING PERIODS WITH CRITICAL VOTES ON DEFENSE IN CONGRESS, OFFER ADDITIONAL CONCESSIONS AFTER PRO-DEFENSE VOTES PASS, AND OFFER FEWER CONCESSIONS AFTER PRO-DEFENSE MEASURES FAIL.

AN ALTERNATIVE LOGIC OF ALLIANCES TO THE CAPABILITY AGGREGATION MODEL WHERE BOTH ALLIES RECEIVE SECURITY BENEFITS FROM THE ALLIANCE IS PROPOSED BY THIS PAPER. ALL THE HYPOTHESES ARE SUPPORTED BY A STATISTICAL EXAMINATION OF MILITARY ALLIANCES FORMED BETWEEN 1815 AND 1965. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE ARGUMENT FOR SEVERAL TOPICS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY ARE DRAWN OUT. IN THIS ALTERNATIVE LOGIC, ONE PARTNER RECEIVES AUTONOMY BENEFITS, AND THE OTHER, SECURITY BENEFITS FROM THE ALLIANCE. THE FORMER TYPE OF ALLIANCES ARE CALLED SYMMETRIC AND THE LATTER ASYMMETRIC. THE PAPER DEVELOPS BOTH LOGICS FROM A MODEL OF ALLIANCE CHOICES IN THE FACE OF TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN AUTONOMY AND SECURITY AND PROVICES A PRECISE DEFINITION OF THOSE TWO CONCEPTS.

CONSIDERING IDEALISM AND LIBERALISM ATTENTION WILL BE FOCUSED ON THE IDEALISTS' VIEWS ON THREE SETS OF ISSUES WHICH HAVE BEEN IMPORTANT FOR LIBERALS; THESE ARE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND THE STATE, PROPERTY AND THE SUFFRAGE. LIBERAL WRITERS SUCH AS JAMES AND JOHN STUART MILL, WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT AND ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE WERE PRIMARILY INTERESTED IN THE WELFARE OF INDIVIDUALS, HOWEVER DIFFERENTLY THEY CONCEIVED INDIVIDUALITY TO BE.3 ONE WAY OF DISTINGUISHED VARIOUS FORMS OF LIBERALISM IS IN TERMS OF THE PROTECTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL CATEGORIES SUGGESTED BY C.B. MACPHERSON, ALTHOUGH IT IS ARGUABLE THAT SOME LIBERALS THOUGHT OF THE PROTECTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL AS A REQUIREMENT OF A PARTICULAR FORM OF DEVELOPMENT.4 IN WHAT FOLLOWS IT WILL BE ARGUED THAT WHILE GREEN SHARED THE LIBERAL CONCERN WITH THE INDIVIDUAL, HIS CONCEPTION OF PERSONALITY GAVE HIS LIBERALISM A VERY DISTINCTIVE STAMP. RITCHIE AND BOSANQUET, ON THE OTHER HAND, CANNOT BE REGARDED AS LIBERALS AT ALL, SINCE THEY, UNLIKE GREEN, REGARDED INDIVIDUALS AS OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE.

For sustainable business strategies to be effective, they need to be authentic, and successfully implemented with active participation from management and staff throughout the organisation. This process has been under researched in the environmental and strategic management literature. The tourism industry provides an ideal context to examine this process when it is based on a 'green' image, as it relies on the 'authentic' imagery of and engagement with the natural environment to differentiate destinations and to create competitive advantage. As the outcomes of these strategies are dependent on the active participation and engagement of front-line staff, and are observable by consumers, poorly implemented strategies will not be authentic and can open organisations to allegations of 'greenwash.' This paper investigates the translation of the 100% Pure New Zealand branding campaign into authentic sustainability strategies, and the implementation process to embed these strategies. The study was undertaken using the qualitative research based on of multiple case studies, where information was gathered using semi structured interviews with the manager and front-line employees of four i-SITEs, as well an observation of the i-SITE buildings, where tourists interact with the 100% Pure brand. The results were examined using thematic analysis, where a number of themes emerged, including: sustainability, the definition, policies, practices and procedures, as well as an identification of barriers to implementation; the perceptions and relevance of third party accreditation, in particular the Qualmark Enviro Awards; an exploration of authenticity in a tourism industry context; the communication of sustainability top-down from council and ground-up, including with tourists; and an exploration to identify an understanding of imagery and concepts of 100% Pure campaign. Four concepts were identified for further discussion. First, the constraints and barriers to sustainability strategies: with reference to the council, the building, and a discourse between the participant's home sustainability actions and work implementation. Second, how Tourism New Zealand translates the 100% Pure campaign into a strategic vision. Third, an exploration of the understanding and meaning of authenticity. Fourth, a discussion on implementing and embedding authentic sustainability strategies. The study makes contributions to theory, policy and practice. For the implementation of authentic strategies the study suggests that a whole organisation approach, that combines top-down and bottom-up approaches, is necessary to implement and embed successful sustainability strategies. These theoretical insights are elaborated from two perspectives: top-down and from bottom-up, resulting in two levels of policy implications. The top-down perspective focuses on how Tourism New Zealand and local councils can better communicate the strategic vision created using the 100% Pure brand, as well as suggestions for more effective dissemination of information and knowledge about sustainability, and related policy. The bottom-up perspective focuses on employee empowerment, to engage in the creation, implementation and review of sustainability strategy to enable authentic implementation and embeddedness. Specific recommendations are offered for management practice that there must be an involvement and commitment of time and resources, not just financial resources, by the management and staff at the i-SITEs, the local councils, as well as central government through Tourism New Zealand to more effectively embed authentic strategies throughout the organisations involved.

THE AUTHORS ADVANCE A THEORY OF THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ON STATE POLICY. THE THEORY EXPLAINS HOW POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AFFECT THE ABILITY OF LEADERS TO MAINTAIN THEMSELVES IN OFFICE, WHY SOME POLITICAL SYSTEMS ARE MORE PRONE TO POLICY FAILURE THAN OTHERS, AND WHY AUTOCRATS CREATE MASS POLITICAL SYSTEMS. THE STATISTICAL TESTS DEMONSTRATE THAT (1) LARGE WINNING COALITIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED ECONOMIC GROWTH, (2) TENURE IS SHORTENED BY A LARGE WINNING COALITION BUT LENGTHENED BY A LARGE SELECTORATE, AND (3) IN THE FACE OF POLICY FAILURE, LEADERS WITH A LARGE SELECTORATE ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE THAN THOSE IN SYSTEMS WITH A LARGE WINNING COALITION.

The stated benefits and perceived risks of genetic modification (GM) cover very diverse issues, such as food safety, world food security, and the environment, that may differentially affect consumer acceptance. In this research, we hypothesize that consumers perceive up to eight dimensions: risks to business (farmers, agribusiness, etc.), benefits to business, risks and benefits to the environment, risks and benefits to the developing world, and risks and benefits to self and family. Moral concerns are also recognized. Using data collected in 2002 in the United States, France, and the UK, we investigate these different dimensions. Second, we analyze the extent to which the dimensions of risk-benefit perceptions can be explained by general attitudes widely used to explain food purchase behavior (such as general attitude to the environment, to technology, etc.), as well as by perceived knowledge of GM, level of education, and trust in various sources of information. In all locations, the majority of consumers only perceive a medium level of risk from GM products. Attitude to technology is the most important attitude variable -- those with a positive attitude to technology in general also have a positive attitude to GM technology. More Americans than Europeans fall into this category. Those who trust government and the food industry tend to think GM technology is less risky, whereas those who trust activists believe the opposite. Americans are more trusting of the former, Europeans of the latter. Level of education is positively associated with benefit perceptions and negatively associated with moral concerns. Location continues to play a limited independent role in explaining perceptions even after these factors have been taken into account. ; This research was funded by USDAIFAFS grant #52100-9620. ; Includes bibliographical references