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This study investigated six Chinese higher education institutions in relation to management of their students. The results indicate Chinese higher education institutions place a greater emphasis on controlling students in order to achieve desired outcomes according to their national ideology and cultural values. Control measures are intended to ensure good class attendance, collective teamwork and discipline. Their student management focuses on extrinsic rewards and punishments to promote desirable moral values and ethics. A very comprehensive control system is in place to achieve these goals. Students are encouraged to manage fellow students. The research also identified that prestigious universities with a higher level of entry scores place less control measures on their students compared to their counterparts with lower entry scores. Chinese higher education management believes the measures to control students are designed to combat negative elements of human beings. This study provides an understanding into the reasons why current higher education management practices exist in China and offers some explanations from historical, political and social culture perspectives. The study will assist Western educators to better understand the challenges facing Chinese students studying abroad. © Common Ground.

Airborne networks have potential applications in both civilian and military domains - such as passenger in-flight Internet connectivity, air traffic control and in intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) activities. However, airborne networks suffer from frequent disruptions due to high node mobility, ad hoc connectivity and line-of-sight blockages. These challenges can be alleviated through the use of disruption-tolerant networking (DTN) techniques. In this paper, we propose GTA-m, a multi-copy greedy trajectory-aware routing protocol for airborne networks. GTA-m employs DTN capabilities and exploits the use of flight information to forwarded bundles greedily to intended destination(s). To alleviate the local minima issues that are inherent in greedy algorithms, GTA-m allows m ≥ 1 copies of each bundle to be replicated throughout the entire network. We study the performance of GTA-m by simulating flights with varying numbers of aircraft and ground stations. Through simulations in OPNET, we show that GTA-m improves the average bundle delay by 34% and 52% as compared to conventional DTN routing protocols such as Spray-and-Wait and Epidemic respectively.

This study investigated five Chinese higher education institutions in relation to management of academic staff. The study compared these practices with those used in three Australian universities. The results demonstrated that the Chinese universities provide more freedom to academic staff in terms of how staff spend their time at the university. However, there are more strict measures to control teaching staff's punctuality in attending their classes and to have detailed planning and teaching documentation. There are also additional teaching evaluations at both school and university levels, together with student evaluation. Chinese higher education staff management places greater emphasis on extrinsic financial rewards to improve staff performance than do their Australian counterparts. The income of Chinese academic staff is performance based and closely connected to their teaching, supervision, research and management workload. This approach initially came from the West and is now adopted by Chinese higher education management, reflecting Chinese socialist principles regarding income distribution. This measure of distribution is a very important motivational factor designed to enhance staff performance. This study provides an understanding as to the reasons why differences exist in management practices in China and Australia and offers some explanations from historical, political and social culture perspectives. This research identifies both positive and negative aspects of the two systems and suggests that learning good management practices from each other may bring positive changes to the productivity of higher education in both countries. ; C1