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Requirements prioritization is an important issue that determines the way requirements are selected and processed in software projects. There already exist specific methods to classify and prioritize requirements, most of them based on quantitative measures. However, most of existing approaches do not consider collisions, which are an important concern in large-scale requirements sets and, more specifically, in agile development processes where requirements have to be uniquely selected for each software increment. In this paper, we propose QMPSR (Qualitative Method for Prioritizing Software Requirements), an approach that features the prioritization of requirements by considering qualitative elements that are related to the project's priorities. Our approach highlights a prioritization method that has proven to reduce collisions in software requirements rankings. Furthermore, QMPSR improves accuracy in classification when facing large-scale requirements sets, featuring no scalability problems as the number of requirements increases. We formally introduce QMPSR and then define prioritization effort and collision metrics to carry out comprehensive experiments involving different sets of requirements, comparing our approach with well-known existing prioritization methods. The experiments have provided satisfactory results, overcoming existing approaches and ensuring scalability ; This work was partially supported by the Spanish Government [grant number RTI2018-095255-B-I00 ] and the Madrid Research Council [grant number P2018/TCS-4314]

Most user-centered assessment activities for ensuring usability are principally focused on performing formative evaluations, enrolling users to complete different tasks and thus obtaining indicators such as effectiveness and efficiency. However, when considering broader scenarios, such as in User Experience (UX) assessments, user perceived satisfaction (or perceived usability) is even much more relevant. There are different methods for measuring user perception, however most of them are mainly qualitative and based on individual assessments, providing little specific support to carry out comparisons–i.e., benchmarking on user-perceived usability. In this paper, we propose a quantitative metric to achieve comparative evaluations of usability perception based on Reaction Cards, a popular method for obtaining the user's subjective satisfaction in UX assessments. The metric was developed through an empirical study. Additionally, it has been validated with usability experts. Besides, we provide a supporting tool based on the developed metric, featuring a framework to store historical evaluations in order to obtain charts and benchmark levels for comparing perceived usability from different artifacts such as software products, applications categories, services, mockups, prototypes and so on. Furthermore, an evaluation involving usability professionals was achieved, providing satisfactory results to answer research questions, thus demonstrating the suitability of the approach proposed ; This work was partially supported by the Spanish Government[grant number TIN2014-52129-R]; and the Madrid Research Council [grant number S2013/ICE-2715]

Over the last years, e-Government applications have become indispensable in every country as they help stakeholders carry out tasks with the administration. However, and despite their growing usage, most of these applications are created through a developercentered approach instead of a user-centered one, using traditional development processes that do not fit well with the diversity of stakeholders and existing legislation that involve e-Government applications today. Besides, usability is an important clue in the development of such solutions, so a user-centered approach, combined with a successful stakeholder and legislation analysis, should be considered overall. This paper is focused on addressing these concerns, and it provides a set of prescribed activities, tasks and products to be carried through a user-centered process in order to design usable web-based e-Government solutions. Specifically, our approach considers requirements engineering activities enhancing usability by analyzing the diversity and interests of the stakeholders involved, as well as the specific legislation as a source of organizational requirements. In addition, a validation is provided through a case study, showing the feasibility of the approach presented ; This work has been partially supported by the funding projects «Flexor» (grant number TIN2014-52129-R) granted by the Spanish Government and «eMadrid» (grant number S2013/ICE-2715) granted by the Madrid Research Council.

Context: In order to ensure usability, it is necessary to schedule activities and methods to be applied throughout different stages of the development process. There exists a substantial number of usability methods to be applied in user-centered software development. However, the application of each usability method largely depends on specific constraints that should be closely considered. Even so, these constraints are not always known beforehand, remaining unidentified or under uncertainty at early stages of the project. Objective: This paper presents an approach to automatically recommend 43 usability methods depending on the project's stage and constraints. Our approach deals with uncertainty to recommend usability methods regardless of the completeness of the information available, which makes it suitable for enhancing initial scheduling. Besides, a supporting tool intended to schedule and guide on usability methods is presented in order to systematize the recommendation mechanism. Method: To validate our approach, we present two application scenarios demonstrating the suitability of the mechanism, including also an expert analysis to observe the recommendation appropriateness in terms of recommendation gap. Also, a user testing was accomplished to evaluate the usability of the approach with key users. Results: A low recommendation gap was observed (<2.5%) and, according to the results obtained in the user testing, high percentage values for usefulness (82.38%) and satisfaction (87.89%) were obtained. The user evaluation also reported high values concerning other dimensions such as ease of use (89.00%) and ease of learning (92.38%). Conclusions: Results obtained helped answer main research questions, demonstrating that it is possible to create a mechanism to recommend usability methods according to a software project's constraints, even under uncertainty, and also affirm that it is possible to systemize the recommendations with a scheduling tool being satisfactory for key stakeholders, denoting acceptable levels of recommendation appropriateness, usefulness, and overall usability. ; This work was partially supported by the Spanish Government [grant number TIN2014-52129-R]; and the Madrid Research Council [grant number S2013/ICE-2715]

The World Wide Web has become a common platform for interactive software development. Most web applications feature custom user interfaces used by millions of people every day. Information architecture addresses the structural design of information to build quality web applications with improved usability of content, navigation, and findability. One of the most frequently utilized information architecture methods is card sorting—an affordable, user-centered approach for eliciting and evaluating categories and navigable items. Card sorting facilitates decision-making during the development process based on users' mental models of a given application domain. However, although the qualitative analysis of card sorts has become common practice in information architecture, the quantitative analysis of card sorting is less widely applied. The reason for this gap is that quantitative analysis often requires the use of customized techniques to extract meaningful information for decision-making. To facilitate this process and support the structuring of information, we propose a methodology for the quantitative analysis of card-sorting results in this paper. The suggested approach can be systematically applied to provide clues and support for decisions. These might significantly impact the design and, thus, the final quality of the web application. Therefore, the approach includes proper goodness values that enable comparisons among the results of the methods and techniques used and ensure the suitability of the analyses performed. Two publicly available datasets were used to demonstrate the key issues related to the interpretation of card sorting results and the overall suitability and validity of the proposed methodology ; This work was partially supported by the Spanish Government [grant number RTI2018-095255-B-I00]; and the Madrid Research Council [Grant Number P2018/TCS-4314]

En el ámbito legislativo, el dispositivo agenda adquiere su potencia como elemento orientador y ordenador de la acción institucional de los Congresos al conectar la acción parlamentaria con los proyectos legislativos que buscarán responder a las necesidades y requerimientos sociales. Su papel estratégico en la organización del trabajo legislativo lo ubica como un instrumento organizativo-político necesario en la fase crucial de diseño de políticas y proyectos de iniciativas, además, resulta un recurso complementario a la función de control de la gestión y del desempeño al interior de este ámbito. Sobre esta base, en este artículo se examinan algunos aspectos relacionados con el concepto de Agenda legislativa, su integración y sistematización; se revisan, además, las dimensiones y componentes que la estructuran como herramienta de planificación del trabajo legislativo.

Usability questionnaires are one of the most used methods to measure usability in terms of the user's subjective satisfaction. However, most of the usability questionnaires do not provide a complete environment to store measurements and compare different usability values of application categories and versions over the long term, which makes it difficult to study the usability of a software product or even the usability of different versions of such products over time, hindering the facility to obtain comparisons and thresholds in usability measurements for different product lines. In this paper we present SUSApp, a tool conceived for the analysis of usability through the SUS (System Usability Scale) questionnaire, which is one of the most popular ones. This tool was conceived for mobile platforms, and it is intended to easily analyze usability by storing and recovering past evaluations, and allowing to statistically compare usability measurements among different software products and applications categories. In addition, a user testing is presented. This has provided acceptable usability results concerning SUSApp in an experiment with real users ; This work has been partially supported by the funding projects «eMadrid-CM», granted by the Madrid Research Council (project code S2013/ICE-2715), and «Flexor» granted by the Spanish Government (project code TIN2014-52129-R)

This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in Interacción '15: Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2829875.2829919. ; For the most part, Information Architecture processes include sets of activities and techniques to be carried out by the development team to create interactive applications effectively, involving usability concerns at every development step. In fact, plenty of process models have already been proposed to bridge the gap between User-Centered Development and Information Architecture, empowering the development team to build usable applications successfully. However, the combination of User- Centered Development and Information Architecture paradigms sometimes results in cumbersome process models containing lots of phases and activities to be considered, which increases the cycle time to have partial and validated software increments readily. As less effort has been devoted to speed up the usable Information Architecture development, the aim of this paper is to address such problem. To do so, we present Scrum-UIA, an agile and usable development process driven by the Information Architecture. This process is intended to develop web applications by splitting up responsibilities and tasks, and decreasing the time to perform technical activities, in order to readily obtain usable software increments. ; This work has been supported by the funding projects «eMadrid», granted by the Madrid Research Council (project code S2013/ICE-2715) and «Flexor», granted by the Spanish Government (project code TIN2014-52129-R).

This paper studies the policies designed to promote SMEs implemented in the Andean Community of Nations (ACN) and the European Union (EU) in the past few decades. Based on an analytical and comparative methodology, it is set out that, with regard to synchronous or sequential adoption hypotheses, public policies that support SMEs respond to an independent adoption model and are determined by their own historical and political context, according to the different arenas in which the economic integration process of both regions is found. The paper also highlights that in the ACN, in contrast to the EU, it is difficult to find abiding lines of action in the design of these public policies. ; Este trabalho estuda as políticas de fomento às PMEs implantadas na Comunidade Andina de Nações (CAN) e na União Europeia (EU) nas últimas décadas. A partir de uma metodologia analítico-comparativa, propõe-se que, ante as hipóteses de adoção sincrônica ou sequencial, as políticas públicas de apoio às PMEs respondem a um modelo de adoção independente e são determinadas por seu próprio contexto histórico-político, segundo o estágio em que se encontra o processo de integração econômica de ambas as regiões. Também se destaca que na CAN, à diferença da EU, torna-se difícil encontrar linhas de ação perduráveis no desenho dessas políticas públicas. ; Este trabajo estudia las políticas de fomento a las pymes implementadas en la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) y en la Unión Europea (UE) en las últimas décadas. A partir de una metodología analítico-comparativa, se plantea que, frente a las hipótesis de adopción sincrónica o secuencial, las políticas públicas de apoyo a las pymes responden a un modelo de adopción independiente y son determinadas por su propio contexto histórico-político, según el diferente estadio en que se encuentra el proceso de integración económica de ambas regiones. También se destaca que en la CAN, a diferencia de la UE, resulta difícil encontrar líneas de acción perdurables en el diseño de estas políticas públicas.

This paper studies the policies designed to promote SMEs implemented in the Andean Community of Nations (ACN) and the European Union (EU) in the past few decades. Based on an analytical and comparative methodology, it is set out that, with regard to synchronous or sequential adoption hypotheses, public policies that support SMEs respond to an independent adoption model and are determined by their own historical and political context, according to the different arenas in which the economic integration process of both regions is found. The paper also highlights that in the ACN, in contrast to the EU, it is difficult to find abiding lines of action in the design of these public policies. ; Este trabajo estudia las políticas de fomento a las pymes implementadas en la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) y en la Unión Europea (UE) en las últimas décadas. A partir de una metodología analítico-comparativa, se plantea que, frente a las hipótesis de adopción sincrónica o secuencial, las políticas públicas de apoyo a las pymes responden a un modelo de adopción independiente y son determinadas por su propio contexto histórico-político, según el diferente estadio en que se encuentra el proceso de integración económica de ambas regiones. También se destaca que en la CAN, a diferencia de la UE, resulta difícil encontrar líneas de acción perdurables en el diseño de estas políticas públicas. ; Este trabalho estuda as políticas de fomento às PMEs implantadas na Comunidade Andina de Nações (CAN) e na União Europeia (EU) nas últimas décadas. A partir de uma metodologia analítico-comparativa, propõe-se que, ante as hipóteses de adoção sincrônica ou sequencial, as políticas públicas de apoio às PMEs respondem a um modelo de adoção independente e são determinadas por seu próprio contexto histórico-político, segundo o estágio em que se encontra o processo de integração econômica de ambas as regiões. Também se destaca que na CAN, à diferença da EU, torna-se difícil encontrar linhas de ação perduráveis no desenho dessas políticas públicas.

This paper studies the policies designed to promote SMEs implemented in the Andean Community of Nations (ACN) and the European Union (EU) in the past few decades. Based on an analytical and comparative methodology, it is set out that, with regard to synchronous or sequential adoption hypotheses, public policies that support SMEs respond to an independent adoption model and are determined by their own historical and political context, according to the different arenas in which the economic integration process of both regions is found. The paper also highlights that in the ACN, in contrast to the EU, it is difficult to find abiding lines of action in the design of these public policies. ; Este trabajo estudia las políticas de fomento a las pymes implementadas en la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) y en la Unión Europea (UE) en las últimas décadas. A partir de una metodología analítico-comparativa, se plantea que, frente a las hipótesis de adopción sincrónica o secuencial, las políticas públicas de apoyo a las pymes responden a un modelo de adopción independiente y son determinadas por su propio contexto histórico-político, según el diferente estadio en que se encuentra el proceso de integración económica de ambas regiones. También se destaca que en la CAN, a diferencia de la UE, resulta difícil encontrar líneas de acción perdurables en el diseño de estas políticas públicas. ; Este trabalho estuda as políticas de fomento às PMEs implantadas na Comunidade Andina de Nações (CAN) e na União Europeia (EU) nas últimas décadas. A partir de uma metodologia analítico-comparativa, propõe-se que, ante as hipóteses de adoção sincrônica ou sequencial, as políticas públicas de apoio às PMEs respondem a um modelo de adoção independente e são determinadas por seu próprio contexto histórico-político, segundo o estágio em que se encontra o processo de integração econômica de ambas as regiões. Também se destaca que na CAN, à diferença da EU, torna-se difícil encontrar linhas de ação perduráveis no desenho dessas políticas públicas.