Suchergebnisse

Este artículo analiza la evolución del concepto de ciudadanía en la obra de Dominique Schnapper como uno de los ejemplos más destacados en la sociología contemporánea de una aproximación completa a la cuestión. A través de un recorrido exhaustivo por su obra, el objetivo es profundizar en la comprensión de la tensión entre la dinámica democrática y la idea de ciudadanía en cuanto que tipo ideal del vínculo social y como principio regulador de las sociedades democráticas. La autora propone en sus primeros trabajos una noción de ciudadanía vinculada al proceso político de construcción de la nación que no distingue entre la definición de un tipo ideal sociológico y la construcción de un ideal de sociedad. Esta confusión se corrige al introducir posteriormente en el análisis la incidencia de la democracia sobre las experiencias individuales de la ciudadanía, aportando una perspectiva de análisis de gran utilidad tanto para la comprensión de la dinámica contemporánea de las sociedades democráticas como para la necesaria defensa de la ciudadanía como vínculo social fundamental y como principio fundador de la legitimidad política. ; This article analyses the evolution of the concept of citizenship in the work of Dominique Schnapper as one of the most prominent examples in contemporary sociology of a comprehensive approach to this question. Through an extensive overview of her work, the aim is to deepen the understanding of the tension between the dynamics of democracy and the idea of citizenship both as the ideal type of a social bond and as a regulatory principle for democratic societies. In her early books, she proposes a notion of citizenship linked to the political process of nation building which does not distinguish between the defi nition of a sociological ideal type and the construction of an ideal of society. This confusion is later revised by introducing into the analysis the impact of democracy over individual experiences of citizenship, which provides a very useful analytical perspective both for understanding the dynamics of contemporary democratic societies and for the necessa

This article analyses the evolution of the concept of citizenship in the work of Dominique Schnapper as one of the most prominent examples in contemporary sociology of a comprehensive approach to this question. Through an extensive overview of her work, the aim is to deepen the understanding of the tension between the dynamics of democracy and the idea of citizenship both as the ideal type of a social bond and as a regulatory principle for democratic societies. In her early books, she proposes a notion of citizenship linked to the political process of nation building which does not distinguish between the defi nition of a sociological ideal type and the construction of an ideal of society. This confusion is later revised by introducing into the analysis the impact of democracy over individual experiences of citizenship, which provides a very useful analytical perspective both for understanding the dynamics of contemporary democratic societies and for the necessary support of citizenship as a fundamental social bond and as a founding principle of political legitimacy.

Participation of citizens in politics is one of the main features of democratic systems. However, the traditional concepts of political participation and citizenship, limited to the only exercise of the right to vote for the «nationals» of a country, are being overcome by new analysis that insist on the existence of «new ways»of participation and citizenship. However, the political practice shows how in Europe, participation through the right to vote is still a problem of national citizenship: the opportunities for those who do not have the nationality of a country to participate under equal conditions inside the political community are still poor. This is the case of immigrant populations which have not obtained the nationality of the host country. Concerning these groups, the analysis of the pertinence of those «new ways» of participation and citizenship becomes extremely important. The paper wants to analyze the possibilities for the existence of one of the concrete ways for political participation in immigrant populations: the one which takes place through their own associations, and the consequences of their activities in the debate about «new ways» of citizenship. ; La participación política de los ciudadanos es uno de lo rasgos distintivos de los sistemas democráticos. Sin embargo, los conceptos tradicionales de participación política y de ciudadanía, limitados al simple ejercicio de los derechos políticos por los «nacionales» de un país, han dado paso a análisis que insisten en la existencia de «nuevas formas» de participación y de ciudadanía. Sin embargo, la práctica política nos muestra cómo en Europa la participación a través del derecho de sufragio sigue siendo una cuestión de ciudadanía nacional, siendo escasas las oportunidades para que quienes no disponen de la nacionalidad de cada Estado participen en igualdad de condiciones dentro de la comunidad política. Este es el caso de las poblaciones inmigrantes que no han adquirido la nacionalidad del país de instalación. Es con respecto a dichos colectivos que cobra verdadera importancia el examen de la pertinencia de «nuevas formas» de participación y de ciudadanía. El artículo se propone analizar la posibilidad de una de las formas concretas de participación política de las poblaciones inmigrantes: la que tiene lugar a través de sus propias asociaciones; así como las implicaciones de la actividad asociativa en el debate sobre las «nuevas formas» de ciudadanía.

Es siempre motivo de satisfacción tener entre manos los resultados publicados de los proyectos de investigación en ciencias sociales financiados con fondos públicos. Esto contribuye, en principio, a disipar las frecuentes dudas, dentro incluso de la propia comunidad académica, acerca de la utilidad práctica de dicha inversión pública.

Um neue Wege der Evaluierung von Migrationspolitiken zu eröffnen, habe ich mittels direkter Beobachtung und qualitativer Interviews Oficinas de Extranjeros – Zuwanderungsämter in Spanien – untersucht. Schnell habe ich einsehen müssen, dass meine Position als Forscher in diesem Kontext widersprüchlich ist, da ich mich als spanischer Staatsbürger unter Zuwanderer(inne)n in einem Raum bewegte, in dem die einzigen spanischen Staatsbürger(innen) Polizei- oder zivile Staatsbedienstete waren. Ich reflektierte über diese Trennung und die Art, wie ich als Teil der Institution wahrgenommen wurde, wie ich es empfand: als "typischer" Mittelklasse-Bürger spanischer Herkunft, der wenig mit den Zuwanderer(inne)n gemeinsam hatte, die er untersuchen wollte. Meine diesbezüglichen Überlegungen veranlassten mich, eine Reihe verschiedener Forschungsstrategien auszuprobieren, um die Insider/Outsider-Gegenüberstellung zu überwinden, die zwischen Zuwanderer(inne)n und "Einheimischen" besteht. Der vorliegende Beitrag reflektiert die angewandten Strategien und generell die auftretenden Schwierigkeiten und Dilemmata, ein "Insider" (ein Freund) werden zu wollen, während man offensichtlich ein Outsider (ein Fremder) bleibt. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs060319 ; In order to look for new ways of evaluating immigration policies, I started research based on direct observations and qualitative interviews within the Oficinas de Extranjeros—the Spanish Offices for Immigration. I soon realised that my position as a researcher in this context was controversial, related to the fact that I was a Spanish citizen among foreigners, in a place where the only Spanish citizens were policemen or civil servants. I reflected upon this divide and the way in which I was, I felt, being perceived as part of the "institution": as a middle-class Spanish citizen with little "obviously" in common with the immigrants I sought to research. Reflecting on this led me to test a number of research "strategies" in an attempt to break through the insider/outsider barriers between ...

This article renews the analysis on the role of immigrant associations as integration and political participation channels in host societies. The literature on the issue, especially the one developed in Spain, is put into dialogue with a case study based on several experiences of ethnographic fieldwork within the environment of immigrant associations in Barcelona. Although we find a scenario of subordinate relationship between associations and institutions similar to that reflected in the literature, some new developments emerge: the consolidation of stronger associative leaderships, more intense relationships with institutions, political parties and with the governments of the countries of origin, greater cooperation between organisations and a perspective towards the future in order to become an autonomous "civil society" and to participate definitely in the general public sphere. ; Este artículo renueva el análisis sobre el papel de las asociaciones de inmigrantes como canales para la integración y la participación política en las sociedades de instalación. Se pone en diálogo la literatura sobre la cuestión, especialmente la desarrollada en España, con un estudio de caso basado en varias experiencias de carácter etnográfico en el entorno asociativo de la inmigración en Barcelona. Aunque encontramos un escenario de relación subordinada entre asociaciones e instituciones parecido al reflejado en la literatura, emergen algunas novedades: la consolidación de liderazgos asociativos más fuertes, relaciones más intensas con instituciones, partidos políticos y con los gobiernos de los países de origen, mayor cooperación entre organizaciones y una mirada hacia el futuro para llegar a convertirse en "sociedad civil" autónoma y entrar definitivamente a participar en la esfera pública general.

Este artículo renueva el análisis sobre el papel de las asociaciones de inmigrantes como canales para la integración y la participación política en las sociedades de instalación. Se pone en diálogo la literatura sobre la cuestión, especialmente la desarrollada en España, con un estudio de caso basado en varias experiencias de carácter etnográfico en el entorno asociativo de la inmigración en Barcelona. Aunque encontramos un escenario de relación subordinada entre asociaciones e instituciones parecido al reflejado en la literatura, emergen algunas novedades: la consolidación de liderazgos asociativos más fuertes, relaciones más intensas con instituciones, partidos políticos y con los gobiernos de los países de origen, mayor cooperación entre organizaciones y una mirada hacia el futuro para llegar a convertirse en 'sociedad civil' autónoma y entrar definitivamente a participar en la esfera pública general.

Research for the EUDO Citizenship Observatory Comparative Analyses has been jointly supported by the European Commission grant agreement JLS/2007/IP/CA/009 EUCITAC and by the British Academy Research Project CITMODES (both projects co-directed by the European University Institute and the University of Edinburgh).

In this work we study the different phenomena taking place when a hydrostatic pressure is applied in the inner fluid of a suspended microchannel resonator. Additionally to pressure-induced stiffness terms, we have theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated that the pressure also induces mass effects which depend on both the applied pressure and the fluid properties. We have used these phenomena to characterize the frequency response of the device as a function of the fluid compressibility and molecular masses of different fluids ranging from liquids to gases. The proposed device in this work can measure the mass density of an unknown liquid sample with a resolution of 0.7 µg/mL and perform gas mixtures characterization by measuring its average molecular mass with a resolution of 0.01 atomic mass units ; This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under European Research Council grant 681275-LIQUIDMASS-ERC-CoG-2015 and the Spanish Science Ministry (MINECO) through project MOMPs TEC2017-89765-R. The service from the Micro and Nanofabrication Laboratory (MiNa) and X-SEM Laboratory, is funded by MCIU (CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE). ; Peer reviewed

Trabajo presentado en la 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems & Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS & EUROSENSORS XXXIII), celebrada en Berlín (Alemania), del 23 al 27 de junio de 2019 ; Hollow nanomechanical resonators represent a promising technique for particle spectrometry, as their design allows highly sensitive particle mass sensing in liquid environments by putting together the good mechanical behavior of a nanomechanical resonator vibrating in vacuum or gas environment with physiological compatibility of liquid environments for biological applications. Nevertheless, for real-world practical applications these sensors require not only a high mass sensitivity but also a high-throughput particle flow. In this work, we use a fast-response and low-cost hollow nanomechanical resonator which let us measure up to 10 particles per second. However, this unprecedented particle velocities brings new implications related to the entanglement between the mechanics and the microfluidics in this structure. We realized that the measured particle masses depend on the fluid velocity. The study of this phenomenon demonstrates the need to introduce a correction factor in mass sensing dependent on particle velocity. ; This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 program under European Research Council grant 681275 – LIQUIDMASS- ERC- CoG-2015 and by the Comunidad de Madrid (iLUNG B2017/BMD-3884) - co-funded by FSE & FEDER and the Spanish Science Ministry(MINECO) through project TEC2017-89765-R. All authors acknowledge the service from the X-SEM Laboratory at IMN and MINECO under project CSIC13- 4E-1794, also with support from EU (FEDER, FSE). All the authors also acknowledge the service from the MiNa Laboratory at IMN, and funding from CM (project SpaceTec, S2013/ICE2822), MINECO (project CSIC13- 4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE). ; Peer reviewed

Characterization of micro and nanoparticle mass has become increasingly relevant in a wide range of fields, from materials science to drug development. The real-time analysis of complex mixtures in liquids demands very high mass sensitivity and high throughput. One of the most promising approaches for real-time measurements in liquid, with an excellent mass sensitivity, is the use of suspended microchannel resonators, where a carrier liquid containing the analytes flows through a nanomechanical resonator while tracking its resonance frequency shift. To this end, an extremely sensitive mechanical displacement technique is necessary. Here, we have developed an optomechanical transduction technique to enhance the mechanical displacement sensitivity of optically transparent hollow nanomechanical resonators. The capillaries have been fabricated by using a thermal stretching technique, which allows to accurately control the final dimensions of the device. We have experimentally demonstrated the light coupling into the fused silica capillary walls and how the evanescent light coming out from the silica interferes with the surrounding electromagnetic field distribution, a standing wave sustained by the incident laser and the reflected power from the substrate, modulating the reflectivity. The enhancement of the displacement sensitivity due to this interferometric modulation (two orders of magnitude better than compared with previous accomplishments) has been theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated. ; This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 program under European Research Council grant 681275—LIQUIDMASS-ERC-CoG-2015 and by the Comunidad de Madrid (iLUNG B2017/BMD-3884)—co-funded by FSE & FEDER and the Spanish Science Ministry (MINECO) through project MOMPs TEC2017-89765-R. All authors acknowledge the service from the X-SEM Laboratory at IMN and MINECO under project CSIC13-4E-1794, also with support from EU (FEDER, FSE).

The real-time analysis of single analytes in flow is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology. In this work, we theoretically predict and experimentally demonstrate hydrodynamic focusing with hollow nanomechanical resonators by using an interferometric system which allows the optical probing of flowing particles and tracking of the fundamental mechanical mode of the resonator. We have characterized the hydrodynamic forces acting on the particles, which will determine their velocity depending on their diameter. By using the parameters simultaneously acquired: frequency shift, velocity and reflectivity, we can unambiguously classify flowing particles in real-time, allowing the measurement of the mass density: 1.35 ± 0.07 g·mL-1 for PMMA and 1.7 ± 0.2 g·mL-1 for silica particles, which perfectly agrees with the nominal values. Once we have tested our technique, MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells are characterized (1.11 ± 0.08 g·mL-1) with high throughput (300 cells/minute) observing a dependency with their size, opening the door for individual cell cycle studies. ; This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under European Research Council Grant 681275-LIQUIDMASS-ERC-CoG-2015, project CELLTANGLE reference RTI2018-099369-B-I00, project MOMPs reference TEC2017-89765-R, Asociación Elena Torres (contract OTR04893) and FERO Foundation (Grant OTR06145). The service from the Micro and Nanofabrication Laboratory (MiNa) and X-SEM Laboratory, is funded by MCIU (CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE). ; Peer reviewed

The study of biophysical properties of single cells is becoming increasingly relevant in cell biology and pathology. The measurement and tracking of magnitudes such as cell stiffness, morphology, and mass or refractive index have brought otherwise inaccessible knowledge about cell physiology, as well as innovative methods for high-throughput labelfree cell classification. In this work, we present hollow resonator devices based on suspended glass microcapillaries for the simultaneous measurement of single-cell buoyant mass and reflectivity with a throughput of 300 cells/minute. In the experimental methodology presented here, both magnitudes are extracted from the devices' response to a single probe, a focused laser beam that enables simultaneous readout of changes in resonance frequency and reflected optical power of the devices as cells flow within them. Through its application to MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells and MCF-10A nontumorigenic cells, we demonstrate that this mechano-optical technique can successfully discriminate pathological from healthy cells of the same tissue type. ; This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under European Research Council Grant 681275-LIQUIDMASS-ERC-CoG2015 and by the Spanish Science, Innovation and Universities Ministry through project CELLTANGLE reference RTI2018- 099369-B-I00, project MOMPs reference TEC2017-89765-R and Ramon y Cajal grant RYC-2017-21640 to P.M.K.; by the ́ Comunidad de Madrid (iLUNG B2017/BMD-3884) with support from EU (FEDER, FSE). E.G.-S. received funding from Fundacion General CSIC (Programa ComFuturo), as ́ well as Marie-Sklodowska Curie Actions (H2020-MSCA-IF2015) under NOMBIS project (703354).The service from the Micro and Nanofabrication Laboratory (MiNa) and X-SEM Laboratory, is funded by MCIU (CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE). We have received support for part of the publication fee by CSIC open access publication support initiative through URICI. ; Peer reviewed