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Identity research has flourished in recent years based on the theoretical foundation proposed by Erikson. Identity development is generally conceptualized as a process occurring through an interplay between the individual and her or his social context. Consequently, one of the challenges facing identity research is to become more culturally sensitive—that is, to examine whether models and theories of identity work as expected in various cultural contexts. Luyckx et al.'s (2008) identity model proposes five identity exploration and commitment processes, and a survey instrument was developed to assess these processes. The current study tests this Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS) in an indigenous population of emerging adults from Ladakh. Results confirm the central dimensions of identity exploration and commitment. However, the original DIDS structure was not identically replicated in this population, suggesting that identity models should be developed or adapted to the specific sociocultural context.

Ethnic-Racial Identity (ERI) development research has been critical in further understanding youths' psychological adjustment. The Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS) has been used extensively in this field of research to measure ERI. However, it has not been assessed for full measurement invariance, which is essential to ensure its effectiveness in measuring ERI differences across different ethnic-racial and gender groups. Thus, the current study sought to establish full factorial measurement invariance of the EIS between emerging adult college students across ethnic-racial groups (i.e., Asian American, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx, and non-Hispanic White/European American) and genders (i.e., male and female). Participants included 7165 students ( Mage = 19.71 years, SD = 1.50) from 31 colleges and universities across various U.S. regions. Results established full factorial measurement invariance for the EIS across groups. Additionally, we examined construct validity by establishing that associations between ERI and psychological adjustment were consistent across groups. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction -- Understanding Racism Within Helping Professions -- The Need for Interdisciplinary Integration -- Structure and Outline -- References -- Section I: Antiracist Helping Professions Theoretical Underpinnings -- 2: Introduction to Anti-Racist Theories -- Introduction -- Antiracist Paradigms -- Critical Race Theory -- Critical Consciousness -- Intersectionality -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: The Importance of Culturally Responsive and Afrocentric Theoretical Frameworks-A Call for More Inclusive Curriculum in Counselor Education -- Introduction -- The Prioritization of Eurocentric Models in Counseling Theory Instruction -- Cultural Competencies and Demographics of Counselors in Training -- Health Disparities and Mistrust -- Black Psychology Theory and Afrocentric Paradigms -- Relevance to Counselor Educators -- Recommendations for an Antiracist Curriculum -- Chapter Summary -- Conclusion -- References -- 4: Antilinguicist Schools, Antilinguicist Systems -- Introduction -- Why Language? -- What Does It Mean to Be Antilinguicist? -- Teacher Practice -- Elementary School -- Preschool -- Administrator Practice -- Policy -- Where Do We Go from Here? -- References -- 5: Moving Beyond Performative Allyship: A Conceptual Framework for Anti-racist Co-conspirators -- Introduction -- Purpose of Chapter -- Allyship Literature -- Problematic Anti-racist Teacher Education Practice(s) and Implementation -- Higher Education -- Need for Change -- Social Movements -- Co-conspirator Is a Verb -- A Conceptual Framework for Anti-racist Co-Conspirators -- Anti-Racism -- Co-conspirators -- Critical Race Feminism -- Towards an I-ARC Conceptual Framework -- Reflection on the Effectiveness of Practice(s) -- Moving Forward -- Conclusion -- References.

The present article presents a review of identity status-based theory and research with adolescents and emerging adults, with some coverage of related approaches such as narrative identity and identity style. In the first section, we review Erikson's theory of identity and early identity status research examining differences in personality and cognitive variables across statuses. We then review two contemporary identity models that extend identity status theory and explicitly frame identity development as a dynamic and iterative process. We also review work that has focused on specific domains of identity. The second section of the article discusses mental and physical health correlates of identity processes and statuses. The article concludes with recommendations for future identity research with adolescent and emerging adult populations.

Abstract. Rates of immigration are at an all-time high in many Western countries, and immigration can exert profound influences on identity development. These influences occur both at the individual level and at the group level, but these two sets of influences have rarely been considered simultaneously. Accordingly, this article adopts a multilevel approach to identity development among immigrant youth, with a focus on North American receiving contexts. We focus not only on individual ethnic, national, and personal identity development, but also on the societal-level intergroup processes (e.g., threats and stereotypes) that constrain the identity options available to immigrants. We highlight the prominence of biculturalism – endorsement of both heritage and destination-country identities – but also discuss ways in which biculturalism may be difficult to attain for some immigrants and immigrant groups. We also emphasize the interplay between individual immigrants' identities and the mechanisms through which defensive policies enacted by "threatened" majority groups may harm identity development among immigrant youth. The article concludes with a listing of priorities for future work.