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Large-scale demographic surveys have been criticized by anthropologists because a limited set of standardized questions generally cannot adequately capture the details and complexities of social processes. One way to overcome these limitations is to collect qualitative data. Alternatively, ethnographic information can be used to develop a very detailed survey questionnaire. This study uses data from a detailed survey of the union formation process among the Shona-speaking peoples of Zimbabwe. The questionnaire for this survey was developed on the basis of ethnographic accounts of Shona marriage, and includes questions about a set of specific events that may occur during the development of a Shona union. The data indicate that many couples do not adhere to the traditional marriage customs and form new types of unions. Furthermore, while bridewealth payments traditionally gave a man sexual and reproductive rights to his wife, it is evident that this custom no longer regulates the onset of sexual behaviour and childbearing. This study demonstrates that event-history questionnaires can be used to produce detailed quantitative data which can supplement qualitative data from ethnographic studies.

This study describes an assessment of the impact on condom use in urban Pakistan of the second phase of an intensive condom advertising campaign conducted as part of a social marketing program. Between April and June 2009, advertisements for Touch condoms appeared on private television channels and on radio stations. To assess the impact of the campaign, a nationally representative panel survey of men married to women aged 15–49 was conducted, collecting information on behaviors related to condom use and recall of contraceptive advertisements. We employed conditional change regression analysis to determine whether awareness of the Touch ad at follow‐up was associated with improved attitudes toward condoms and condom use. Respondents with confirmed awareness of the Touch campaign experienced significant improvements in indicators related to condom use, even after controlling for region, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, the values of the indicators at baseline, and exposure to the first phase of the campaign. They experienced increases in the following: perceived availability of condoms; discussion of family planning; approval of family planning; procurement of condoms; and ever use, current use, and consistent use of condoms with wife. The study indicates that condom advertising can be effective in increasing condom use in urban Pakistan.

The objective of this study was to evaluate trends in the availability of socially marketed condoms in urban Tanzania, and to assess the effect of changes in the social marketing programme's strategy for distributing condoms to retail outlets. Three retail outlet surveys conducted in urban Tanzania in 1996/97, 1998 and 1999 were analysed. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) was used to determine changes in availability of condoms, after adjusting for differences in the composition of the samples. Consistent with the changes in the condom social marketing distribution system, the proportion of condom outlets that were supplied by wholesalers increased from 42% in 1997 to 60% in 1999. The increasing use of wholesalers allowed sales agents to devote more time to opening new outlets. Hence, the percentage of outlets that had been solicited to sell condoms by social marketing condom sales persons increased from 14% in 1997 to 25% in 1999. Following these changes in the distribution system, the percentage of outlets selling socially marketed condoms increased from 25% to 32% between 1997 and 1998, and stabilized at that level. More detailed examination showed that availability of socially marketed condoms increased significantly in most non-traditional outlets, and in all regions of the country. In conclusion, distribution survey data indicate that changes in the distribution system increased the role of wholesalers, and enabled sales teams to allocate more time to soliciting new condom outlets. Concurrent with these changes, the availability of socially marketed condoms in non-traditional retail outlets increased significantly. Regular monitoring of condom availability can ensure that any emerging supply problems are identified and remedied quickly.

To reduce the prevalence of reproductive health problems among adolescents, governmental and nongovernmental organizations in Cameroon are implementing youth‐oriented reproductive health programs. To facilitate the design of effective programs to increase condom use, this study examines survey data on the determinants of having ever used condoms and on current condom use with regular and casual partners among unmarried young people in urban Cameroon. While most adolescents have tried condoms at least once, use remains inconsistent. Parental support, personal risk perception, and self‐efficacy are found to be associated with higher levels of condom use, Youth‐oriented programs seeking to increase the number of new condom users among the young should promote parental support for condom use and enhance young people's perceptions of personal risk. Programs that work to convince the young that their sexual history can put them at risk of HIV infection and that dispel the myth that HIV risk with regular partners is low may serve to increase personal risk perception. Finally, communications programs should aim to increase adolescents' self‐efficacy, particularly in terms of their perceived ability to convince partners to use condoms and to use them correctly.

Against the backdrop of a high prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zimbabwe, this paper analyses data from the 1997 Zimbabwe Sexual Behaviour and Condom Use Survey to throw light on the degree to which sexually active adults consistently use condoms in high-risk sexual situations. The multivariate results indicate that at the time of the survey, consistent condom use in non-marital relationships is significantly higher for males than females, higher among those who had access to information about condoms from multiple sources than among those with limited access, and higher among those who have positive attitudes to condoms than among those with negative attitudes. Even though consistent condom use with non-marital partners is higher for those who know a source where condoms can be obtained, this effect is due to the fact that these respondents have more positive attitudes towards condoms. Likewise, the higher levels of consistent condom use exhibited by those who are aware of the efficacy of condoms are due to the fact that men have higher awareness of this, and men use condoms more consistently than women. In sum, the results suggest that the effects of the respondents' sex and their knowledge of the prophylactic importance of condoms and where condoms might be obtained are a function of other socioeconomic advantages they have. It is, therefore, concluded that programmes that use mass media information, education and communication campaigns to reduce shyness, embarrassment and stigma about condom use can help increase consistent use of condoms in non-marital relationships in Zimbabwe.

Condom social marketing has become central to Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) prevention programs around the world. Excluding the large family planning-oriented social marketing programs of Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India (which accounted for over 500 million condoms in 1996), sales of socially marketed condoms increased more than sixfold from 49 million condoms (in 30 countries) in 1991 to 312 million condoms (in 54 countries) by 1996 (Gardner, Blackburn, & Upadhyay, 1999). This study aims to fill the gap in information about condom social marketing costs. In the field of family planning, considerable effort has been put into analyzing costs per couple-year of protection (CYP) for social marketing and other service delivery approaches (Barberis & Harvey, 1997; Stover & Wagman, 1992). The cost of condom social marketing has yet to be analyzed independently of the cost per CYP of contraceptive social marketing. The cost per condom sold in condom social marketing programs should be analyzed independently for two reasons. First, CYP is a measure designed to aggregate multiple contraceptive methods and therefore is not appropriate for programs that only market condoms. Second, a thorough understanding of the unit costs in condom social marketing is an essential prerequisite to attempting to base AIDS prevention strategies on a rational allocation of resources (World Bank, 1997). The purpose of this study is to contribute toward an increased understanding of condom social marketing costs. Ultimately, this improved understanding may facilitate a more rational allocation of AIDS resources.

This paper uses sample survey data to examine the reach of SIDA dans la Cité (SDLC), a popular television series on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Within the intervention area where SDLC was televised, the program targeted those with an elevated risk of contracting the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and those with low socioeconomic status who were likely to have limited access to health information and services. The results indicate that in electrified regions, the SDLC program achieved very good reach among the elevated-risk groups and moderate to good reach among the low socioeconomic status groups. The finding that rural populations obtain AIDS information overwhelmingly from radio and television implies that televised HIV prevention information can play a crucial role in electrified rural regions.

In Botswana, as in other areas in southern Africa, there is a growing concern about the risks associated with adolescent sexuality. To facilitate the design of policies that can address these problems, it is necessary to gain a thorough understanding of contemporary patterns of adolescent sexual behaviour, and the factors that affect them. This paper examines these issues using data from the 1995 Botswana Adolescent Reproductive Health Survey in conjunction with data from focus group discussions. The results suggest that adolescents become sexually active at an early age, and that many of them, males and females alike, have multiple sex partners. This early sexual initiation implies that adolescent reproductive health programmes should target youths aged 13 or younger. For school-based programmes this implies starting no later than Grade 6 or Standard 1, and preferably earlier. Young males appear to be a particularly vulnerable group that needs further attention. Adolescents perceive that teachers, peers and parents have the largest influence on their reproductive health attitudes. Schools appear to have the most potential for providing reproductive health information, because they reach youths both directly and indirectly by educating their peers. The results also show that male and female sexual behaviour is affected by different factors. Among males, having secondary education strongly increases the odds of being sexually active, presumably because such males make attractive partners. Among females, on the other hand, being in school significantly reduces the odds of being sexually active. This finding is consistent with the policy imposing a one-year school expulsion for pregnant schoolgirls, which was implemented as a deterrent to schoolgirl pregnancy.

Het artikel illustreert dat de recette evolutie inzake gezinsvorming niet enkel in een belangrijke mate bepaald wordt door economische veranderingen (inzonderheid deze met betrekking tot de tewerkstellingsmogelijkheden) maar ook door waardenverschuiving. Economische factoren zouden vooral verantwoordelijk zijn voor periode-effecten die bovenop een lange-termijn trend zijn ge6nt. Deze laatste zou overeenkomen met cohorten-verschuivingen inzake waarden. Het Europees waarden-onderzoek verschaft het empirisch materiaal. Als afhankelijke veranderlijke komen vooral twee dimensies aan de orde: de tolerantiegraad ten aanzien van non-conformisme (tolerantie echtscheiding, abortus, één-ouder gezin, betekenis huwelijk) en de betekenis van ouderschap, Deze worden in verband gebracht met diverse waardenschalen (religiositeit en secularisme, Ingleharts "post-materialisme", nationalisme, linkse politieke voorkeur, afkeer politieke extremismen, tolerantie andersdenkenden en minoriteiten, sociaal engagement, etc.). Vorder worden banden gelegd en getoetst met de theorieën van respectievelijk Easterlin en Simons. De eerste verklaart de terugloop in de vruchtbaarheid door de verzwakking van de economische kansen van de jongere generaties in vergelijking met hun hoge materiële aspiraties. De tweede bindt vruchtbaarheid aan het concept van de "burgerlijke religie" en aan de mate van nationalisme.

PATH has drawn on its global experience from our total market approach (TMA) work in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Uganda, and Vietnam to produce a TMA planning guide to increase access to family planning. The guide (Planning Guide for a Total Market Approach to Increase Access to Family Planning—Module 1: Landscape Assessment) and toolkit, produced by The Evidence Project, contain practical information and specific tools to help organizations and other planners conduct a landscape assessment, the first phase in developing a TMA. These resources are part of a larger toolkit, which also includes an in-depth market analysis and two-volume handbook produced by MEASURE Evaluation, and this joint publication by all three projects.