Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Input Use Efficiency in Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems to Manage the Footprints for Food and Environmental Security -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Strategies to Inputs Use Efficiency -- 1.2.1 Zero Tillage -- 1.2.2 Mulching -- 1.2.3 Need-Based Site Specific Fertilization -- 1.2.3.1 Soil Test Based Fertilization -- 1.2.3.2 Leaf Color Chart/Green Seeker -- 1.2.3.3 Chlorophyll Meter -- 1.2.3.4 Omission Plot Technique -- 1.2.3.5 Using Nutrient Expert -- 1.2.4 Crop Residue Management -- 1.2.4.1 Biochar/Paralichar -- 1.2.4.2 Paddy Compost -- 1.2.4.3 Other Options -- 1.3 Water Footprints for Food and Environmental Security -- 1.3.1 Short Duration Rice Cultivars -- 1.3.2 Date of Rice Transplanting -- 1.3.3 Direct Seeding of Rice -- 1.3.4 Laser Land Leveling -- 1.3.5 Permanent Beds -- 1.3.6 Soil Matric Potential Based Irrigation -- 1.3.7 Crop Diversification -- 1.4 Energy Footprints for Food and Environmental Security -- 1.4.1 Mechanical Transplanting of Rice -- 1.4.2 Happy Seeder -- 1.5 Impact of RCTs on the Soil Properties -- 1.6 Conservation Agriculture -- 1.7 Reducing Food Loss and Wastage for Reduced Global Food Production Targets -- 1.8 Conclusions, Identified Gaps, and Upcoming Strategies -- 1.8.1 Identified Gaps -- 1.8.2 Upcoming Strategies -- References -- 2: Agricultural Input Use Efficiency and Climate Change: Ways to Improve the Environment and Food Security -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate Change and Variability -- 2.2.1 Observed Climatic Trends -- 2.2.2 Future Climate Projections -- 2.3 Crop Response to Climate Change -- 2.3.1 Effect of Temperature/Heat Stress -- 2.3.2 Effect of Rainfall/Water Stress -- 2.3.3 Effect of Solar Radiation -- 2.3.4 Effect of CO2 -- 2.3.5 Effect of Nutrient Stress -- 2.4 Climate Change and Input Use Efficiency of Crops.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Geospatial Technologies for Crops and Soils: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Current Challenges in Agriculture: Global Perspective -- 1.3 Importance of Geospatial Technologies -- 1.4 Geospatial Tools and Techniques -- 1.4.1 Remote Sensing -- 1.4.2 Proximal Sensing -- 1.4.3 Geographic Information System -- 1.4.4 Global Positioning System -- 1.5 Role of Geospatial Technologies in Sustainable Agriculture -- 1.6 Crop and Soil Factors Influencing Remote Sensing -- 1.7 Application of Geospatial Technologies in Crop Science -- 1.8 Application of Geospatial Technologies in Soil Science -- 1.9 Geospatial Technologies in Agriculture: Status and Challenges -- 1.10 Conclusions and Future Prospective -- References -- Chapter 2: Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System: A Tool for Precision Farming -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Concept and Principle of Precision Farming -- 2.1.2 Objectives of Precision Farming -- 2.1.2.1 Increased Profitability and Sustainability -- 2.1.2.2 Production Efficiency Optimization -- 2.1.2.3 Optimizing Product Quality -- 2.1.2.4 Efficient Use of Farm Inputs -- 2.1.2.5 Soil Conservation, Water, Energy Surface, and Groundwater Protection -- 2.1.2.6 Minimizing Environmental Impact -- 2.1.2.7 Minimizing Risk -- 2.1.3 Components of Precision Farming -- 2.1.3.1 Remote Sensing Technique -- 2.1.3.2 Geographic Information System -- 2.1.3.3 Global Positioning System -- 2.1.3.4 Variable Rate Techniques -- 2.1.3.4.1 Components of VRT -- 2.1.3.4.2 Variable Rate Application Methods -- 2.1.3.4.3 Map-Based VRA -- 2.1.3.4.4 Sensor-Based VRA -- 2.2 Usefulness of Remote Sensing Data in Precision Farming -- 2.3 Satellite Remote Sensing in Precision Farming -- 2.3.1 Satellite-Based Rice Monitoring (SRM) - A Case Study.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Waste Recycling for the Eco-friendly Input Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Livestock Feeding -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Waste Resources Integration -- 1.2.1 Crop-Livestock System -- 1.2.2 Human Wastes -- 1.2.3 Rural/Peri-urban Approach -- 1.3 Improving the Use of Agricultural Wastes -- 1.3.1 Insect -- 1.3.2 Biogas -- 1.4 Wastewater -- 1.4.1 Productive Use of Wastewater from the Cassava Processing Industry -- 1.4.2 Wastewater from the Livestock -- 1.5 Nutrient Recovery/Recycling Methods -- 1.5.1 Composting and Vermicomposting -- 1.5.1.1 Use of Human Feces Through Composting and Vermicomposting -- 1.5.1.2 Vermicomposting of Agricultural Waste -- 1.5.1.3 Enrichment of Manure through Co-Composting -- 1.5.2 Soil Amendment with Abattoir and Slaughterhouse Waste -- 1.5.3 Biochar -- 1.5.3.1 Biochar from Animal Manure -- 1.5.3.2 Biochar from Crop Waste -- 1.5.3.3 Biochar on Plant Performance -- 1.6 Fungi as a Source for Improving the Resource Use Efficiency of Crop Residue -- 1.6.1 Fungi on Crop Residue Quality -- 1.6.2 Fungi on Greenhouse Gases Mitigation -- 1.6.3 Edible Fungi (Mushroom) -- 1.6.3.1 Mushroom Growth/Fortification with Animal Waste/By-Product -- 1.6.3.2 Mushroom Waste and Spent Substrates -- 1.7 Waste and Their Use in Livestock Feeding -- 1.7.1 Cassava and Fruit Waste -- 1.7.2 Antinutritional Factor/Plant Metabolite Removal -- 1.7.3 Kitchen and Dairy Waste -- 1.8 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery and Release -- 1.8.1 Phosphorus Use: Recovery and Release -- 1.8.2 Controlled Release of Nitrogen -- 1.9 Microlivestock Farming -- 1.9.1 Snail Farming -- 1.9.2 Rabbits Farming -- 1.9.3 Grasscutter -- 1.10 Phytotherapy -- 1.11 Conclusions -- 1.12 Future Perspectives -- References -- 2: Earthworms for Eco-friendly Resource Efficient Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Ecological Footprints in Agroecosystem: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Concept of Ecological Footprint -- 1.3 Ecological Footprint and Sustainability -- 1.4 Ecological Footprint Analysis -- 1.5 Forms of Footprints -- 1.5.1 Water Footprint -- 1.5.2 Energy Footprint -- 1.5.3 Climate Footprint -- 1.5.4 Land Footprint -- 1.5.5 Nutrient Footprint -- 1.6 Carbon and Water Footprint in Agroecosystems -- 1.7 Research and Development in Ecological Footprint -- 1.8 Future Roadmap of Ecological Footprint in Agroecosystems -- 1.9 Policy and Legal Framework for Managing Footprint in Agroecosystem -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Natural Resources Intensification and Footprints Management for Sustainable Food System -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Major Components of Agroecology in South Asia -- 2.2.1 Diversity -- 2.2.1.1 Diversity in Land Resources -- 2.2.1.2 Diversity in Water Resources -- 2.2.1.3 Diversity in Climate Change -- 2.2.1.4 Crops Diversification -- 2.2.1.5 Land Diversification -- 2.2.2 Establishment and Disseminate of Experiences -- 2.2.3 Government Policies, Institutions, and Public Goods -- 2.2.4 Synergies -- 2.2.5 Resource Use Efficiency -- 2.2.6 Recycling -- 2.2.7 Resilience Building -- 2.2.8 Social and Human Values -- 2.2.9 Tradition of Culture and Food -- 2.3 Impacts of Intensive Agriculture and Climate Change on Agroecology -- 2.3.1 Global Warming and Weather Migration -- 2.3.2 Land Value Degradation -- 2.3.3 Deterioration of Soil Quality -- 2.3.4 Worldwide Water Scarcity -- 2.3.5 Impact on Crop Production and Associative Environment -- 2.3.6 Occurrence of Extreme Events on Human -- 2.4 Natural Resources and Footprints in South Asia (SA) -- 2.4.1 Natural Resources of South Asia -- 2.4.2 Different Footprints -- 2.4.2.1 Carbon Footprint -- 2.4.2.2 Water Footprints.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Agroecosystems: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC): A Crucial Component of Carbon Cycle -- 3 Carbon-Based GHGs -- 4 SOC Sequestration -- 4.1 SOC and Biodiversity -- 4.2 Importance of Soil Biodiversity -- 4.3 Soil Biodiversity Losses -- 5 SOC Status Under Changing Climate -- 6 Nitrogen Fixation and Reactive Nitrogen -- 6.1 Natural Sources of Fixed Nitrogen -- 6.1.1 Biological Nitrogen Fixation -- 6.1.2 Lightening -- 6.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on N Fixation -- 6.3 Nitrogen Fixation in Cropland -- 7 Overview of Nitrogen Cycle -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Rhizosphere as Hotspot for Plant-Soil-Microbe Interaction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rhizosphere as an Active Network -- 3 Root Exudates Regulating Factors -- 3.1 Abiotic Factors -- 3.1.1 Soil Properties -- 3.1.2 Temperature -- 3.1.3 Light Intensity -- 3.1.4 Nutrient Availability in the Rhizosphere: Nitrogen as Nutrient and Sensor -- 3.2 Biotic Factors -- 3.2.1 Plant/Rhizosphere and Nutrient Use Efficiency -- 3.2.2 Plant Root as Main Trait to Improve NUE -- 4 Microbial Selection by Plants -- 5 Plant-Microbe Interaction -- 5.1 N2-Fixing Bacteria -- 5.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPR) -- 5.3 Mycorrhizal Fungi -- 5.4 Pathogenic Microorganisms -- 6 Concluding Remarks and Future Applications -- References -- Biochar and Organic Amendments for Sustainable Soil Carbon and Soil Health -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biochar -- 2.1 What Is Biochar? -- 2.2 Preparation and Characterization -- 2.2.1 Biochar Preparation and Production -- 2.2.2 Chemical Characters of Biochar -- 2.2.3 Biochar Potential as a Soil Amendment -- 2.2.4 The Sorption Capacity of Biochar -- 2.2.5 Remediation of Polluted Soil for Improving Soil Fertility -- 3 Organic Amendments.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- 1: Sustainable Intensification for Agroecosystem Services and Management: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sustainable Intensification in Agroecosystem -- 1.3 Sustainable Intensification Toward Agroecosystem Services -- 1.4 Challenges for Ecointensification Toward Sustainability -- 1.5 Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Sustainability -- 1.6 Agroecosystem Management -- 1.6.1 Management of Crop Ecosystem -- 1.6.2 Management of Soil Ecosystem -- 1.7 Addressing Food Security Through Sustainable Agriculture -- 1.8 Policy and Legal Perspectives -- 1.9 Conclusions -- 1.10 Future Perspectives -- References -- 2: Food and Nutrition Security in India Through Agroecology: New Opportunities in Agriculture System -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 India´s Rank in Global Hunger Index 2018 -- 2.3 Climate Change -- 2.3.1 Drivers of Climate Change -- 2.3.1.1 Variation in Temperature -- 2.3.1.2 Volcanic Eruptions -- 2.3.1.3 Role of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.3.2 Climate Change: World Scenario -- 2.3.3 Climate Change: Indian Scenario -- 2.4 Food Security -- 2.4.1 How Can Food Security Be Ensured? -- 2.4.2 Effects of Food Crisis -- 2.4.3 Food Security: World Perspective -- 2.4.4 Food Security: Indian Perspective -- 2.4.5 Food Security and Climate Change -- 2.5 Climate Change and Food Production -- 2.6 Climate Change and Nutritional Deficiency of Crops -- 2.6.1 Effect of Temperature on Agriculture -- 2.6.2 Effect of Rainfall and Drought on Agriculture -- 2.6.3 Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Agriculture -- 2.6.4 Impact of Salinity on Agriculture -- 2.6.5 Climate Change and Food Accessibility -- 2.6.6 Climate Change and Food Absorption -- 2.6.7 Case Study -- 2.7 Ecological Footprint Under Changing Climate.

Farmers are not growing diversified crops and applying huge amounts of agrochemicals and imbalanced fertilizers in the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), since the 1960s. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial and nutrient dynamics in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under various sowing environments and nutrient sources during Rabi season (October–March), 2015–2016. The experiment was laid out in the split-plot design with three sowing dates in main-plots, and eight nutrient sources in sub-plots. The maximum bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes population, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), dehydrogenase activities, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur (NPKS) were recorded on November 17 sown crop, and the lowest was observed on December 7 sowing during both the years, and in the pooled analysis. Furthermore, applied nutrient sources, highest bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes population, available NPKS, SMBC, and dehydrogenase activity were observed in 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 25% N through pressmud (PM) + Azotobacto + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) than other nutrient sources. In conclusion, high demand and cost of chemical fertilizers can be replaced by 25% amount easily and locally available organic manures like PM compost to sustain the soil health and crop productivity. It will be helpful to restore the soil biodiversity in the RWCS and provide a roadmap for the researchers, government planners, and policymakers for the use of PM as a source of organic matter and nutrients.