Suchergebnisse

During the different period of architectural design, designers attempt to achieve a high level of life quality for all users. Architecture and urban planner want to provide a style of design which not only achieves different function for different users with respect to their ethnicity, ability, age, sex, capability, position, and lifestyle but also improve the friendly environment throughout responsive legislation based on long-term planning. Although the styles are considered some indicators, it is ignored the other important characteristics. Therefore, the existing styles never achieve the standard level of satisfaction of different people. The goal of the research is to introduce meta-postmodern style as supplement stylistic approach. The style tries to consider all important indicators that create strategic long-term planning for different generations. Various characteristics of a new style can be applied to improve the quality of human life and provide healthy, livable and sustainable planning for all users.

The term sustainability development has been used in various forms and definitions. The earliest use of sustainability or sustainable development can be traced back to 1972. In order to cope with four decades of global economic, social, and environmental challenges, sustainable development was adopted as a mantra by international agencies, national and local governments, especially after Habitat II in the local level. On the other hand, new approaches in urban planning were employed in order to achieve a sustainable development. The purpose of this article is presentation of strategies for Sustainable Urban Development in Urmia city. This study is applied and the method of its investigation is descriptive-analytical. Findings indicate that the model of urban growth is sprawl and this leads to ecological, social and economical and urban form unsustainable. The Urmia case is interesting for several reasons: first, it is a case of very fast urban growth even for a developing country; second, it portrays a land substitution process in which agricultural land is not the primary provider of urban land which is relatively rare in urban contexts. Third, it illustrates how the fastest rates of urban sprawl may correspond to middle size cities rather than large centers. , and fourth, it also illustrate how sprawl may also hide important internal land uses such as the presence of agricultural plots within urban boundaries. The end is clearly mentioned that achievement of urban sustainable development is a necessity strategy for tomorrow and that needs appropriated action plans to implement as soon as possible.

Urban sprawl has become a remarkable characteristic of urban development
worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl refers to the extent of urbanization, which is a
global phenomenon mainly driven by population growth and large scale migration. In
developing countries like Iran, urban sprawl is taking its toll on the natural resources at an
alarming pace. The purpose of this paper is to study urban growth and effective factors on
them in the city of Urmia, Iran. We used quantitive data of the study area from the period
between 1989 and 2007, and population censuses of Urmia. To measure the model of
urban growth, Holderness and Shannon's entropy were employed. The Urmia case is
interesting for several reasons: first, it is a case of very fast urban growth even for a
developing country; second, it illustrates how the fastest rates of urban sprawl may
correspond to middle size cities rather than to large centers. Third, it portrays a land
substitution process in which agricultural land is not the primary provider of urban land
which is relatively rare in urban contexts, and fourth, it also illustrates how urban sprawl
may also hide important internal land uses such as the presence of agricultural plots within
urban boundaries.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges of Iranian hospital accreditation standards and provide solutions. Design: A qualitative research design was used in this study. Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2018. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Setting: Public, private, semi-public, charity and military hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Participants: A pluralistic evaluation approach was employed and 151 participants including policy makers, hospital management and staff, accreditation surveyors and university professors participated in this study. Results: Challenges of hospital accreditation standards were grouped into two groups: standards development process and standards content. Lack of an independent standards development committee, insufficient expertise of committee members, inconsistencies among the standards� constructs, inappropriate standard classification, ambiguity of standards, unmeasurable standards, vague and inflexible scoring system, and inability to use some standards were the main challenges of Iran hospital accreditation standards. Establishing a scientific committee consisting of representative from hospitals, health insurance companies, professional and scientific associations and universities for standard development, training the committee members, and utilizing hospital's feedback will help address these problems. Conclusion: Iran's hospital accreditation standards face challenges that prevent them from achieving their goals, that is, improving the quality, safety, effectiveness and efficiency of hospital services. Necessary measures should be taken to solve these problems. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Abstract. Background: Examining the premature death rate represents the first step in estimating the overall burden of disease, reflecting a full picture of how different causes affect population health and providing a way of monitoring and evaluating population health. Aims: This study was conducted to assess the burden of premature mortality from suicides in West Azerbaijan Province, northwest of Iran from 2014 to 2016. Method: To calculate years of potential life lost (YPLL), we categorized all methods of suicide, then we subtracted actual age at death by suicide from the relevant age-based life table produced by the World Health Organization in 2015, after which we added the results for each type of suicide in a particular year. Results: We analyzed 638 suicides. Overall, during the 3-year study period for both sexes, the greatest sources of premature death among all methods of suicide were: hanging, strangulation, and suffocation (X70); smoke, fire, and flames (X76); and poisoning by narcotics and psychodysleptics (X62). Limitations: Limitations of the study include a lack of accurate, systematic recording and reporting of all cases of suicide, which might lead to measurement bias. Conclusion: This study identified and highlighted the most common methods of suicide in West Azerbaijan.

The northwestern Indian Ocean hosts globally crucial marine biodiversity, which is relatively understudied. There has, however, been significant research and conservation effort focused on marine turtles across the region in recent decades. We undertook an exhaustive review of 251 relevant publications to extract and collate the current information concerning marine turtles. To ensure completeness, we received input on a preliminary draft from a large group of experts who have worked extensively in the region. Data presented here are from all 13 countries with significant coastlines in the region (Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen) on occurrence, nesting biology, morphology, foraging areas, population status, threats, and relevant national legislation and international conservation strategies. The experts independently provided details on what they felt were the (1) most significant threats to marine turtles, (2) most critical knowledge gaps for marine turtle ecology, (3) impediments to practical conservation, and (4) essential strengths and opportunities in the region. ; We thank the Department of Education and Knowledge, Abu Dhabi, UAE, and the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi for sponsoring the lead author in this review. We also thank Casper Van de Geer, who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted this review. We extend our thanks to the reviewers who have provided insightful comments and suggestions to enhance this review.