Suchergebnisse

AbstractWhen migration from the Latin American and Caribbean countries to Europe is studied, a preferential stream can be noted towards southern Europe. There would also appear to have been a remarkable growth in the volume of flows in this direction in recent years. The flows themselves vary: in the case of Spain, nationals from Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Argentina predominate; Portugal is the recipient of Brazilians; and Italy mainly plays host to nationals from Peru and Ecuador. These flows reveal the importance of various factors: economic push and pull mechanisms; the former presence in the region of Spain and Portugal as erstwhile colonial powers; the earlier waves of emigrants in that direction from Spain, Portugal and Italy; a relatively more favourable social reception; and political initiatives that favour the new sending countries. In other words, economic gaps, former historical links, cultural and linguistic affinities, family ties and diplomatic channels suggest that a special route exists for migrants from Latin America.The topics that will be expanded upon in this paper include the factors explaining recent immigration to southern Europe; the economic incorporation of immigrants; the social framework of flows, including reactions from local populations; and the tentative and multiple policy responses to immigration. Conclusions indicate that the potential for movements from Latin America, resulting from both previous and current links, has proved to be a favourable response to the need for immigrant workers in the case of southern European societies. Despite the familiar path (albeit in the reverse direction), the economic incorporation of immigrants has mainly occurred in the low‐ranking jobs, as was the case with other inflows. This stemmed from market needs, state failures and the importance of the family. However, given the numerous links between Latin America and southern Europe, the social and policy responses adopted towards these immigrants seem to have been more beneficial than towards other groups.

AbstractIn the last three decades, Portugal has undergone deep changes regarding international migration. Firstly, it has become an important receiver of foreign international migrants from Africa, namely the ones coming from the ex‐colonies, now independent countries. Secondly, it witnessed a growing presence of Brazilians, which turned from a narrow middle‐high class group of immigrants, to a very large number of middle‐low and low class immigrants. Thirdly, it observed a progressive diversification of national origins, mainly represented by the recent and vast Eastern European community, but also visible in dozens of other growing foreign nationalities. In this paper, the focus will be on the role played by labour markets in the growth of new migrations, particularly in what is linked to the importance of smuggling and gender segmentation. Regarding smuggling, the strong recent expansion of the Portuguese economy, accompanied by frequent informal relationships in the labour market, largely explain the surge in the number of immigrants. These migrants often entered the country in an irregular way, using the services of smugglers and traffickers, and performing the bottom jobs of the professional ladder. Given the demand for a flexible labour force and the government's restrictive immigration policy, the objective needs of the labour market were often met by irregular channels of migration. Gender was also a part of the process, since the segmentation of the labour market was increasingly based on ethnic and gender lines. The growth of female related jobs, from domestic and industrial cleaning to caring, and including the sex industry, explained why gendered avenues were built for labour immigration. Although most of the recent labour cycles were dominated by male workers, an increasing fraction was composed of women. Except for the case of trafficking, where exploitation is persistent, women may have acquired in this immigration process an increased but problematic autonomy.

L'articolo offre una panoramica generale del mercato del lavoro portoghese, utilizzando il genere e l'immigrazione come prospettiva di analisi. In uno scenariodi flessibilizzazione crescente del lavoro, la maggiore partecipazione delle donne nel mondo del lavoro e l'aumento dell'immigrazione hanno svolto un ruolo decisivo. Sia le donne sia gli immigrati sono piů presenti nei segmenti piů precari dell'occupazione, il che significa che essi hanno contribuito a sostenere alcune delle dinamiche occupazionali piů recenti. L'articolo presenta alcuni dei principali indicatori della situazione delle donne nel mercato del lavoro (tassi di partecipazione, settori di attivitŕ, accordi contrattuali, lavoro part-time e disoccupazione), insieme ai dati relativi agli immigrati stranieri (tassi di partecipazione, settori di attivitŕ, fenomeni di discriminazione, accordi contrattuali e disoccupazione). Si conclude evidenziando come i modelli di incorporazione delle donne e degli immigrati nel mercato del lavoro continuano a subire forti ostacoli strutturali che impediscono l'uguaglianza e l'integrazione.

Der Beitrag beschreibt die wesentlichen Merkmale und Muster der Arbeitskräfte-Rekrutierung im Bereich der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie. Dabei werden zunächst die Besonderheiten dieses Sektors beleuchtet, um anschließend anhand von allgemeinen statistischen Daten und Befragungen den Anteil der ausländischen Arbeitnehmer an den Beschäftigten zu untersuchen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden vor allem die wesentlichen Trends und Probleme des internationalen Arbeitskräftezugangs und der Rekrutierung analysiert, d.h. Bewegungen auf den internen Arbeitsmärkten innerhalb von (multinationalen) Organisationen, Trends mit Bezug auf Lohn- und Nebenaufträge sowie externe Arbeitsmärkte. Zusätzliches Augenmerk wird auf die Beziehung von Qualifikation, Ausbildung und Beruf gelegt. Im abschließenden Teil werden die Besonderheiten des Sektors mit Blick auf die Mobilität im Vergleich zum Baugewerbe herausgearbeitet. Der Vergleich verdeutlicht, dass Arbeitsmigration im Baugewerbe nach Kosten- und Lohngesichtspunkten zu beurteilen ist, während sie im IT-Bereich Gesetzen der Internationalisierung und des Einsatzes von flexiblen Arbeitskräften innerhalb von international operierenden Unternehmen folgt. (ICH)