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Cover -- Table of Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. The Model -- A. The Representative Consumer -- B. The Consumption Basket and Prices -- C. The Non-Traded Sector -- D. Monetary Policy: Identifying First-Round Effects -- E. Market Clearing Conditions and Model Closure -- F. Definition of the First-Round Effects Equilibrium and the Steady State -- III. Analytical Solution -- A. The Log-linear Version of the Model -- A.1. The Link between Inflation, Relative Prices and First-Round Effects -- B. Solving for the First-Round Effects -- C. Remarks -- IV. Calibration and a Graphic Representation -- A. Calibration -- B. Graphic Representation -- C. Sensitivity Analysis -- V. Extension: Incomplete Tradability of the Food Basket -- A. Analytical Solution Under Incomplete Food Tradability -- VI. Conclusions -- Tables -- Table 1. Benchmark Calibration -- Figures -- Figure 1. First-Round Effects: Financial Autarky, Complete and Incomplete Markets -- Figure 2. First-Round Effects: Varying the Intra-temporal Elasticity of Substitution -- Figure 3. First-Round Effects: Varying the Portfolio Adjustment Costs Parameter and the Persistence of International Food Prices -- Figure 4. First-Round Effects: Varying the Tradable Food Share -- Appendix -- A. Proofs of Propositions and Corollaries -- A.1. Proof of Proposition 1 -- A.2. Proof of Proposition 2 -- A.3. Proof of Proposition 3 -- A.4. Proof of Corollary 1 -- References.

Cover -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data -- 3 An overview of SSA economies -- 3.1 Income and Growth -- 3.2 The Structure of SSA economies: The Supply Side -- 3.3 The Structure of SSA Economies: The Demand Side -- 3.4 Financial Sector Development -- 3.5 The Balance of Payments, Capital Account Openness, and External Shocks -- 4 Assessing the Stylized Facts of Economic Fluctuations: Methodological Issues -- 5 Business Cycle Dynamics -- 5.1 Output Volatility -- 5.2 Volatility and Cyclicality of GDP Components -- 5.3 Comovement Across GDP Components -- 5.4 Inflation and its Relation with Output Fluctuations -- 5.5 Is Volatility Related to Growth and Inflation Performances? -- 6 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- Appendix -- A Data Sources and Country Coverage -- List of Tables -- 1 Number of Countries Covered in Each Group -- 2 Income per Capita (Median Values) -- 3 Median Real Output Growth and Inflation Rates -- 4 GDP by Sectors (Median Values) -- 5 Demand Components in Percent of GDP (Median Values) -- 6 Financial Sector Development (Median Values) -- 7 Balance of Payment Indicators (Median Values) -- 8 De Jure Capital Account Openness (Median Values) -- 9 Sovereign Assets and Liabilities (Median Values) -- 10 Real Output - Median Volatility and Persistence -- 11 Standard Deviations of Key Macroeconomic Variables relative to that of Real Output and Correlations of Real Output with Leads and Lags of the Same Variables (Detrending Method: HP100) -- 12 Standard Deviations of Key Macroeconomic Variables relative to that of Real Output and Correlations of Real Output with Leads and Lags of the Same Variables (Detrending Method: HP100) -- 13 Correlations of Key Macroeconomic Variables (Detrending Method: HP100) -- 14 Inflation - Median Volatility and Persistence -- A.1 Data Sources -- A.2 Country Coverage -- List of Figures.

Low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa present unique monetary policy challenges, from the high share of volatile food in consumption to underdeveloped financial markets. This book draws on the International Monetary Fund's research and practice to uncover how monetary policy in this region currently operates, and what changes should be made.

Las empresas familiares se han convertido en un importante motor de las economías a nivel mundial, representan el 90% del parque empresarial y contribuyen con el 50% del producto y el empleo (Gersick et al,1997; Gallo, 1997; y Amat, 1998). Uno de los retos que debe afrontar este tipo de empresas es ser competitivas,para ello tendrán que adaptar su estructura organizativa, operativa y administrativa en procura de una mayor efi- ciencia y agilidad. Entre éstas, emerge el diseño organizativo como fundamental, ya que es el responsable de la configuración y forma de comportarse de una organización en pro de su estrategia y objetivos. De allí que el ob- jetivo del presente trabajo sea determinar el tipo de diseño organizacional con el que operan las cadenas de hipermercados y supermercados familiares en Venezuela. Este estudio se desarrolla empleando un diseño de investigación no experimental de campo, con un tipo de estudio descriptivo, para lo cual se aplicó un cuestionario a los fundadores o sucesores de dichas empresas. Los resultados muestran comportamientos variables en materia de diseños organizativos, características cómo la formalización, especialización y coordinación relevantes para un cabal funcionamiento, no están claramente definidas; además de existir una alta tendencia a centralizar,en vez, de propiciar la descentralización en la toma de decisiones. Los diseños organizativos son parte del sistema de dirección y funcionamiento interno que contribuirá a la profesionalización empresarial, conjunta- mente con las políticas de recursos humanos, las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TICs), y las estructuras de gobierno corporativo.