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Abstract. The concepts of corporate social responsibility and social audit have been developed to a great extent in the last century. Analysis reveals a mature and sophisticated philosophical framework developed over the decades to enhance the relationship between the laborers, the state and the local government. Furthermore, there exists a framework to audit the economic and social activities of the business and a concern and focus in both the private sector and the public sector towards sustainable practices and a culture of ethical leadership. An audit criterion is developed and an examination of 3 top fortune companies reveals valuable insights into social audit and corporate social responsibility as well as the current best practices and benchmarks in the literature.Keywords. Corporate responsibility, Social audit, Apple, Amazon, Mckesson.JEL. M14.

Abstract. The energy sector is undergoing a rapid transformation and there are many observable signs as to the rapid development of the industry. Many governments around the world have begun to invest in legislation to incorporate sustainable energy and technologies. Hence, they are able to tap the potential of new technological innovation and energy systems. This paper examines energy innovations globally with a particular focus on Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia and China.Keywords. Global strategy, Innovations, Energy sector.JEL. Q4, M16.

Abstract. In 2001 soon after the Asian Crises of 1997-1998, the DotcomBubble, 9/11, the Enron crises triggered a fraud crisis in Wall Street that impacted the market to the core. Since then scandals such as the Lehman Brothers and WorldCom in 2007-2008 and the Great Recession have surpassed it, Enron still remains one of the most important cases of fraudulent accounting. In 2000's even though the financial industry had become highly regulated, deregulation of the energy industry allowed companies to place bets on future prices. At the peak of the dotcom bubble Enron was named as a star innovator but when the dotcom bubble burst, Enron's plan to build high speed internet did not flourish and investors started to realize losses. Furthermore, the financial losses of the operations were hid using the market to market accounting technique instead of book value and using special purpose entities to hide debt. The root cause that was identified as a company with a toxic corporate culture focused on officer compensation rather than social responsibility and hence faulty leadership. Is it possible then that; ethical accounting practices, social responsibility and ethics all become inferior goods as income rises in an 'irrationally exuberant'era?Keywords. Enron (ENE, ENRN), Dotcom bubble, Accounting fraud, Deregulation, Speculation, Corporate culture, Social responsibility, Government intervention, Risk management, Consumer behavior, Energy markets.JEL. N0, M1, M4, M12, M14, G32, K4, K32, H12.

AbstractThis paper derives an optimal sharing ratio for a capitalist or non‐participating firm in a model where workers get a fixed market‐determined wage plus a share of net profit. For the analysis, modern capital market theory and the stock value maximization principle are used. It is shown that the optimal sharing ratio depends on (i) the productivity effect of profit sharing, (ii) the corporate tax treatment of the sharing wage, and (Hi) the risk preferences of management! shareholders. A relationship between productivity effects from profit sharing and optimal sharing ratio is derived. Assuming normally distributed profits of the firm, the results of the paper are illustrated numerically.ResumeCet exposé présente la proportion de partage optimal pour une firme capitaliste ou non‐participante dans laquelle les employés recoivent un salaire déterminé par les forces du marché avec un pourcentage des profits‐net. On utilise pour l'analyse la théorie du marché capital moderne et le principe de maximalisation de la valeur des réserves. Il est démontré que la proportion de partage optimal dépend de: (i) l'effet que le partage des profits a sur la productivité, (ii) comment les taxes commerciales affectent les salaires portagés et (iii) les préférences de risque des gestionnaires\actionnaires. Un rapport est établi entre les effets sur la productivité du partage des profits et la proportion de partage optimal, partir d'une distribution normale des profits d'une firme, les résultats de cet exposé sont illustrés numériquement.

AbstractIn an inflation‐non‐indexed progressive tax system, inflation results in a "bracket‐creep" effect that reduces the demand for corporate debt while the tax‐deductibility of nominal interest makes the use of debt financing cheaper. The interactive effect of inflation and differential dividend and capital gains taxes on the value of a levered firm is analyzed in this paper. Under a non‐indexed progressive tax system, inflation decreases the value of the unlevered firm but the effect of inflation on the firm's debt‐to‐asset ratio is theoretically indeterminate. The gain from leverage is also derived and compared with other valuation models.

Psychological Well-being was discovered as a dynamic that included the subjective, Psychological, and social dimensions and health-related behaviors. A caregiver burden is the type of stress that caregivers experience because of the hurdles and challenges of caregiving. To assess the burden of caregivers of children with ADHD and examine the psychological well-being with coping strategies. Correlational research design with purposive sampling technique among psychological wellbeing burden and coping among caregivers of children with ADHD. Demographics are (Age, gender, education level, and marital status) with measurement of psychological well-being scale. The data were collected from Government hospitals in Lahore. Results showed that the alpha coefficient for this scale is a=.96, the caregiver Burden scale is a= .98, and the coping scale a= Burden has a negative correlation with both psychological well-being and coping. Coping has a positive correlation with psychological well-being and has negative correlation with burden.