Land restitution in Eastern Lithuania has been rather slow, only in Vilnius district (which is the closest to Vilnius city) the restitution was exceptionally fast. Almost in all municipalities the percentage of lands returned to their owners was similar (ranging from 97% to 99%), but in Vilnius district municipality such lands comprised only 88%. Land restitution in Vilnius district is complicated, because a direct impact of Vilnius city is felt in this territory. The presence of Vilnius city increases the price of land in the areas closer to the city. There are some political factors involved as well.
Land restitution in Eastern Lithuania has been rather slow, only in Vilnius district (which is the closest to Vilnius city) the restitution was exceptionally fast. Almost in all municipalities the percentage of lands returned to their owners was similar (ranging from 97% to 99%), but in Vilnius district municipality such lands comprised only 88%. Land restitution in Vilnius district is complicated, because a direct impact of Vilnius city is felt in this territory. The presence of Vilnius city increases the price of land in the areas closer to the city. There are some political factors involved as well.
Land restitution in Eastern Lithuania has been rather slow, only in Vilnius district (which is the closest to Vilnius city) the restitution was exceptionally fast. Almost in all municipalities the percentage of lands returned to their owners was similar (ranging from 97% to 99%), but in Vilnius district municipality such lands comprised only 88%. Land restitution in Vilnius district is complicated, because a direct impact of Vilnius city is felt in this territory. The presence of Vilnius city increases the price of land in the areas closer to the city. There are some political factors involved as well.
Land restitution in Eastern Lithuania has been rather slow, only in Vilnius district (which is the closest to Vilnius city) the restitution was exceptionally fast. Almost in all municipalities the percentage of lands returned to their owners was similar (ranging from 97% to 99%), but in Vilnius district municipality such lands comprised only 88%. Land restitution in Vilnius district is complicated, because a direct impact of Vilnius city is felt in this territory. The presence of Vilnius city increases the price of land in the areas closer to the city. There are some political factors involved as well.
Land restitution in Eastern Lithuania has been rather slow, only in Vilnius district (which is the closest to Vilnius city) the restitution was exceptionally fast. Almost in all municipalities the percentage of lands returned to their owners was similar (ranging from 97% to 99%), but in Vilnius district municipality such lands comprised only 88%. Land restitution in Vilnius district is complicated, because a direct impact of Vilnius city is felt in this territory. The presence of Vilnius city increases the price of land in the areas closer to the city. There are some political factors involved as well.
Land restitution in Eastern Lithuania has been rather slow, only in Vilnius district (which is the closest to Vilnius city) the restitution was exceptionally fast. Almost in all municipalities the percentage of lands returned to their owners was similar (ranging from 97% to 99%), but in Vilnius district municipality such lands comprised only 88%. Land restitution in Vilnius district is complicated, because a direct impact of Vilnius city is felt in this territory. The presence of Vilnius city increases the price of land in the areas closer to the city. There are some political factors involved as well.
This article puts emphasis on the tendencies of residents service institutions' network alternation in Lithuanian rural settlements since the soviet time till today, especially underlying the years of XXI century. The purpose of the article is to point out the tendencies of education, culture, medical institutions, also, market, catering, post and banking services network's changes in Lithuanian rural settlements. Also, to point out the factors that are infl uencing these changes; to underline the territorial patterns of the changes. The research results revealed that there is a decrease of all types of residents' service institutions (except shops) in Lithuanian rural settlements. However, the biggest decrease is noticed among catering, kindergartens and banking services institutions. The research results reviled that the regional spread of residents' service institutions network in the mezzo scale is infl uenced by the historically formed territorial settlement system and regional demographic peculiarities. Whereas, in the micro scale the existence of residents' service institutions in particular settlement depends on its size, tenable administration functions (it usually determines institutional "heritage" as well) and position in the cities system network. The research allows making conclusion that due to the decreasing number of inhabitants in the rural settlements, there should necessarily take place the reorganization of municipality and government owned institutions (cultural centres, libraries, education institutions and etc.) in future.
This article puts emphasis on the tendencies of residents service institutions' network alternation in Lithuanian rural settlements since the soviet time till today, especially underlying the years of XXI century. The purpose of the article is to point out the tendencies of education, culture, medical institutions, also, market, catering, post and banking services network's changes in Lithuanian rural settlements. Also, to point out the factors that are infl uencing these changes; to underline the territorial patterns of the changes. The research results revealed that there is a decrease of all types of residents' service institutions (except shops) in Lithuanian rural settlements. However, the biggest decrease is noticed among catering, kindergartens and banking services institutions. The research results reviled that the regional spread of residents' service institutions network in the mezzo scale is infl uenced by the historically formed territorial settlement system and regional demographic peculiarities. Whereas, in the micro scale the existence of residents' service institutions in particular settlement depends on its size, tenable administration functions (it usually determines institutional "heritage" as well) and position in the cities system network. The research allows making conclusion that due to the decreasing number of inhabitants in the rural settlements, there should necessarily take place the reorganization of municipality and government owned institutions (cultural centres, libraries, education institutions and etc.) in future.
This article puts emphasis on the tendencies of residents service institutions' network alternation in Lithuanian rural settlements since the soviet time till today, especially underlying the years of XXI century. The purpose of the article is to point out the tendencies of education, culture, medical institutions, also, market, catering, post and banking services network's changes in Lithuanian rural settlements. Also, to point out the factors that are infl uencing these changes; to underline the territorial patterns of the changes. The research results revealed that there is a decrease of all types of residents' service institutions (except shops) in Lithuanian rural settlements. However, the biggest decrease is noticed among catering, kindergartens and banking services institutions. The research results reviled that the regional spread of residents' service institutions network in the mezzo scale is infl uenced by the historically formed territorial settlement system and regional demographic peculiarities. Whereas, in the micro scale the existence of residents' service institutions in particular settlement depends on its size, tenable administration functions (it usually determines institutional "heritage" as well) and position in the cities system network. The research allows making conclusion that due to the decreasing number of inhabitants in the rural settlements, there should necessarily take place the reorganization of municipality and government owned institutions (cultural centres, libraries, education institutions and etc.) in future.
This article puts emphasis on the tendencies of residents service institutions' network alternation in Lithuanian rural settlements since the soviet time till today, especially underlying the years of XXI century. The purpose of the article is to point out the tendencies of education, culture, medical institutions, also, market, catering, post and banking services network's changes in Lithuanian rural settlements. Also, to point out the factors that are infl uencing these changes; to underline the territorial patterns of the changes. The research results revealed that there is a decrease of all types of residents' service institutions (except shops) in Lithuanian rural settlements. However, the biggest decrease is noticed among catering, kindergartens and banking services institutions. The research results reviled that the regional spread of residents' service institutions network in the mezzo scale is infl uenced by the historically formed territorial settlement system and regional demographic peculiarities. Whereas, in the micro scale the existence of residents' service institutions in particular settlement depends on its size, tenable administration functions (it usually determines institutional "heritage" as well) and position in the cities system network. The research allows making conclusion that due to the decreasing number of inhabitants in the rural settlements, there should necessarily take place the reorganization of municipality and government owned institutions (cultural centres, libraries, education institutions and etc.) in future.
Land use is a cornerstone of human civilization, but also intrinsically linked to many global sustainability challenges—from climate change to food security to the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Understanding the underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers of land-use change, and how they play out in different environmental, socio-economic and cultural contexts, is therefore important for identifying effective policies to successfully address these challenges. In this regard, much can be learned from studying long-term land-use change. We examined the evolution of European land management over the past 200 years with the aim of identifying (1) key episodes of changes in land management, and (2) their underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers. To do so, we generated narratives elaborating on the drivers of land use-change at the country level for 28 countries in Europe. We qualitatively grouped drivers into land-management regimes, and compared changes in management regimes across Europe. Our results allowed discerning seven land-management regimes, and highlighted marked heterogeneity regarding the types of management regimes occurring in a particular country, the timing and prevalence of regimes, and the conditions that result in observed bifurcations. However, we also found strong similarities across countries in the timing of certain land-management regime shifts, often in relation to institutional reforms (e.g., changes in EU agrarian policies or the emergence and collapse of the Soviet land management paradigm) or to technological innovations (e.g., drainage pipes, tillage and harvesting machinery, motorization, and synthetic fertilizers). Land reforms frequently triggered changes in land management, and the location and timing of reforms had substantial impacts on land-use outcomes. Finally, forest protection policies and voluntary cooperatives were important drivers of land-management changes. Overall, our results demonstrate that land-system changes should not be conceived as unidirectional developments following predefined trajectories, but rather as path-dependent processes that may be affected by various drivers, including sudden events.
Land use is a cornerstone of human civilization, but also intrinsically linked to many global sustainability challenges—from climate change to food security to the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Understanding the underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers of land-use change, and how they play out in different environmental, socio-economic and cultural contexts, is therefore important for identifying effective policies to successfully address these challenges. In this regard, much can be learned from studying long-term land-use change. We examined the evolution of European land management over the past 200 years with the aim of identifying (1) key episodes of changes in land management, and (2) their underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers. To do so, we generated narratives elaborating on the drivers of land use-change at the country level for 28 countries in Europe. We qualitatively grouped drivers into land-management regimes, and compared changes in management regimes across Europe. Our results allowed discerning seven land-management regimes, and highlighted marked heterogeneity regarding the types of management regimes occurring in a particular country, the timing and prevalence of regimes, and the conditions that result in observed bifurcations. However, we also found strong similarities across countries in the timing of certain land-management regime shifts, often in relation to institutional reforms (e.g., changes in EU agrarian policies or the emergence and collapse of the Soviet land management paradigm) or to technological innovations (e.g., drainage pipes, tillage and harvesting machinery, motorization, and synthetic fertilizers). Land reforms frequently triggered changes in land management, and the location and timing of reforms had substantial impacts on land-use outcomes. Finally, forest protection policies and voluntary cooperatives were important drivers of land-management changes. Overall, our results demonstrate that land-system changes should not be conceived as unidirectional developments following predefined trajectories, but rather as path-dependent processes that may be affected by various drivers, including sudden events.
The researchers of the Lithuanian Social Research Center analyzed the regional consequences of the processes of socio-economic transformations that had taken place in recent decades and their impact on the well-being of the population across the country. The book summarises the results of the research, which was funded by a grant No. GER-005/2017 from the Research Council of Lithuania. The main aim of this book is to contribute to the knowledge of the country's regional development, emphasizing that the inhabitants of Lithuania, depending on where they live, have different living conditions and opportunities, which contradicts the fundamental principles of democratic society. Ongoing processes that have changed the structure of the country's economy have influenced the territorial structure of the labor market, and these changes have caused negative migration phenomena. Negative migration phenomena have strongly influenced the demographic spatial structure of the whole country, which has triggered changes in public service networks and all social and economic infrastructure. These changes create different business and working conditions in different regions, as well as different opportunities for access to employment, incomes, education and other public services for residents of different municipalities.
The researchers of the Lithuanian Social Research Center analyzed the regional consequences of the processes of socio-economic transformations that had taken place in recent decades and their impact on the well-being of the population across the country. The book summarises the results of the research, which was funded by a grant No. GER-005/2017 from the Research Council of Lithuania. The main aim of this book is to contribute to the knowledge of the country's regional development, emphasizing that the inhabitants of Lithuania, depending on where they live, have different living conditions and opportunities, which contradicts the fundamental principles of democratic society. Ongoing processes that have changed the structure of the country's economy have influenced the territorial structure of the labor market, and these changes have caused negative migration phenomena. Negative migration phenomena have strongly influenced the demographic spatial structure of the whole country, which has triggered changes in public service networks and all social and economic infrastructure. These changes create different business and working conditions in different regions, as well as different opportunities for access to employment, incomes, education and other public services for residents of different municipalities.
The researchers of the Lithuanian Social Research Center analyzed the regional consequences of the processes of socio-economic transformations that had taken place in recent decades and their impact on the well-being of the population across the country. The book summarises the results of the research, which was funded by a grant No. GER-005/2017 from the Research Council of Lithuania. The main aim of this book is to contribute to the knowledge of the country's regional development, emphasizing that the inhabitants of Lithuania, depending on where they live, have different living conditions and opportunities, which contradicts the fundamental principles of democratic society. Ongoing processes that have changed the structure of the country's economy have influenced the territorial structure of the labor market, and these changes have caused negative migration phenomena. Negative migration phenomena have strongly influenced the demographic spatial structure of the whole country, which has triggered changes in public service networks and all social and economic infrastructure. These changes create different business and working conditions in different regions, as well as different opportunities for access to employment, incomes, education and other public services for residents of different municipalities.
