Suchergebnisse

Ausgangspunkt der Dissertation ist die Determinationsthese, für die Baerns erstmals wissenschaftliche Belege lieferte. Sie hielt fest, dass Public Relations die Themen und den Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung von Themen beeinflussen. Public Relations lähmen die journalistische Recherchekraft. Diese Aussagen riefen innerhalb der Kommunikationswissenschaft vielfache Anerkennung, aber auch Kritik hervor. Wären diese Aussagen zutreffend, dann stünden sie im Widerspruch zu den Funktionen und der demokratietheoretischen Bedeutung der Massenmedien. Zudem ging Baerns in ihren Erhebungen von der ceteris-paribus-Annahme aus: Sie blendete alle Einflussfaktoren auf die journalistische Informationsselektion aus. Zu den bislang unberücksichtigten Faktoren, die das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Public Relations bestimmen können, zählen das Ressort und der Status der Informationsquelle. Meine Fallstudie stellt sich daher die Fragen: Sind die Leistungen des Journalismus von Public Relations abhängig und wenn ja, welche Rolle spielen das Ressort und der Status der Informationsquelle im Prozess der Informationsentstehung, -verarbeitung und -vermittlung innerhalb eines Massenmediums? Auf Grundlage des bisherigen Forschungsstands zum PR-Journalismus-Verhältnis und den dort bestehenden Desideraten formuliere ich sechs Hypothesen zur Determinationsthese, zum Einfluss des Ressort und des Status der Informationsquelle sowie zum Prozess der journalistischen Informationsselektion. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, die Determinationsthese durch eine Beobachtung der redaktionellen Arbeitsabläufe, -strukturen und Produktionsroutinen zu überprüfen und zu konkretisieren. Als Fallbeispiel habe ich die Thüringer Allgemeine ausgewählt, die Marktführerin unter den regionalen Tageszeitungen Thüringens ist. In der Analyse wurden die Lokalredaktion Erfurt und die Landesredaktion Thüringen verglichen. Diese beiden Redaktionen zeichnen zum einen die räumliche Nähe und daher zum Teil übereinstimmende Informationsquellen aus. Zum anderen bewerten die Lokal- und LandesjournalistInnen laut der Studie Journalismus in Deutschland 1 PR-Quellen unterschiedlich: Danach schätzen LokaljournalistInnen PR-Quellen positiver ein als ihre KollegInnen aus dem politischen Ressort (im Fallbeispiel die Landesredaktion Thüringen); eine Bewertung, die sich in der Aufnahme oder Ablehnung dieser Informationsquellen ausdrücken könnte. Um den möglichen Einfluss des Ressort und des Status der Informationsquelle auf die journalistische Berichterstattung und die Publikation von PR-Quellen erheben zu können, habe ich im September und Oktober 2004 teilnehmende Redaktionsbeobachtungen, ExpertInneninterviews mittels Leitfaden und einen Input-Output-Vergleich aller schriftlichen Informationsquellen mit der Gesamtberichterstattung durchgeführt.Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudie können eine Beeinflussung des Journalismus im Sinne einer problematischen Abhängigkeit von PR-Leistungen nicht nachweisen. Zwar übernehmen JournalistInnen beider untersuchter Ressorts PR-Quellen in ihre Berichterstattung, doch den Vorrang räumen sie eigenen Texten ein. Weniger als ein Viertel der Gesamtberichterstattung geht auf eine PR-Quelle zurück. Demzufolge setzen die JournalistInnen ihre Themen meistens selbst, sie recherchieren und füllen mit ihren Rechercheergebnissen drei Viertel aller Artikel. Ein Gegengewicht journalistisch selbständig recherchierter Themen zu den übernommenen PR-Texten findet sich in jeder Zeitungsausgabe. Wenn eine Übernahme von PR-Texten stattfindet, veröffentlichen LandesjournalistInnen die PR-Informationsquellen mehrheitlich unmittelbar nach ihrem Erhalt. In der Lokalredaktion ist eine Determination des Timings schwächer ausgeprägt. Ressortspezifische Unterschiede zeigen sich im Vergleich zur Gesamtberichterstattung nicht in der Häufigkeit der Übernahme von PR-Quellen, sondern in der Art und Weise der Publikation, beispielsweise in der Wiedergabe der Hauptaussage, dem Anteil der Recherche infolge einer PR-Informationsquelle und dem Üben von Kritik und Kontrolle. LandesjournalistInnen und damit vornehmlich politische JournalistInnen orientieren sich bei der Informationsauswahl stärker am Status der Informationsquelle als LokaljournalistInnen, die sich um eine ausgewogene Berichterstattung bemühen.Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur der Vergleich der Abdruckquote mit dem Umfang der Gesamtberichterstattung Aufschluss über eine mögliche Determination des Journalismus geben kann. Mit diesem empirischen Vorgehen wird eine Bezugsgröße geschaffen, so dass der Kritik Schantels, der Determinationsverdacht des Journalismus durch Public Relations sei aufgrund von fehlenden Vergleichen der Abdruckquoten mit der gesamten Berichterstattung ein richtmaßloses Konstrukt, begegnet werden kann. ; The theoretical departure point of this thesis is the determination hypothesis , for which Baerns first provided scientific evidence. She showed that Public Relations influenced both topics and their times of publication. Furthermore Public Relations is detrimental to the drive behind journalistic enquiry. In the field of Communication Sciences these statements were widely acknowledged, but also drew criticism. If correct, the statements contradicted both the function and the theoretically democratic role of the mass media. Furthermore, Baerns surveys were also based upon a ceteris-paribus assumption: ignoring all other factors that influenced the selection of information by journalists. The editorial department and the status of the source are two factors that have remained unexamined in regard to determining the relationship between journalism and public relations. Accordingly, my study inquires: Does the performance of journalism depend on Public Relations, and if so, what roles do the editorial department and the status of the source play in the process of producing, processing and disseminating information within a mass media? On the basis of current research into the relationship between PR and journalism, and suggestions made there, I have formulated six hypotheses on the determination hypothesis, the influence of the editorial department and the status of the source, and the journalistic process of selecting information. The aim of this research is to examine and more clearly define the determination hypothesis by observing editorial working processes, editorial structures, and production routines. I have chosen the Thüringer Allgemeine as my exemplary case; the market leader among the regional daily papers in Thuringia. The local editorial office in Erfurt and the state editorial office for Thuringia were compared in the analysis. Both editorial offices are distinguished by their close proximity to one another and their occasional use of corresponding information sources. On the other hand, according to the study Journalismus in Deutschland 1 the local and the state journalists appraise PR-sources differently: local journalists consider PR sources more positively than their colleagues from the political news department (in the case of the state editorial office in Thuringia) - an assessment that could be expressed in the acceptance or rejection of these sources of information. In order to collect data on the possible influence of editorial departments and the status of information sources on journalistic reporting and the publication of PR sources, in September and October 2004 I conducted participant observations of editorial offices, guided interviews with experts, and an input / output comparison of all written sources with the total reporting output.The results of the study fail to demonstrate that journalism is unduly influenced, in the sense of a problematic dependency, by PR services. Although journalists in both of the departments studied did use PR sources in their reporting, they gave precedence to their own texts. Less than a quarter of all reporting originated at a PR source. According to this, the journalists set their own topics, research these and fill three-quarters of their articles with the results of their research. A counterbalance of independently researched journalistic topics to adopted PR texts is present in every newspaper issue. When PR texts are adopted, the state journalists publish the majority of PR sources immediately after their receipt. The determination of the timing is weaker in the local editorial office. Compared to the total volume of reporting, department-specific differences are evident not so much in the frequency of PR texts adopted as in the type and kind of publication, for example; by taking on the source s central statement, in the proportion of research conducted in following up information from a PR source, and in the levelling of criticism and the exercise of control. In the selection of information, state journalists meaning predominantly political news journalists are more attentive to the status of an information source than local news journalists, who undertake to provide balanced reporting.The results show that only a comparison of the proportion of PR text printed to the total volume of reporting can provide information on the possible determination of journalism. This empirical approach creates a reference point with which to approach Schantel s criticism that the supposed determination of journalism by public relations was in fact a construct resulting from the failure to compare the proportion of adopted text to the total volume of reporting.

Ausgangspunkt der Dissertation ist die Determinationsthese, für die Baerns erstmals wissenschaftliche Belege lieferte. Sie hielt fest, dass Public Relations die Themen und den Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung von Themen beeinflussen. Public Relations lähmen die journalistische Recherchekraft. Diese Aussagen riefen innerhalb der Kommunikationswissenschaft vielfache Anerkennung, aber auch Kritik hervor. Wären diese Aussagen zutreffend, dann stünden sie im Widerspruch zu den Funktionen und der demokratietheoretischen Bedeutung der Massenmedien. Zudem ging Baerns in ihren Erhebungen von der ceteris-paribus-Annahme aus: Sie blendete alle Einflussfaktoren auf die journalistische Informationsselektion aus. Zu den bislang unberücksichtigten Faktoren, die das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Public Relations bestimmen können, zählen das Ressort und der Status der Informationsquelle

The article examines the relationship between media (and health literacy), self-representation, and nutritional behavior of girls who receive nutrition-related content on Instagram. Analyzing this relationship is important because social networks like Instagram can be used as platforms to promote one's nutritional behavior as expression of personality and to interact with others. Countless meal images are posted, and reach a large number of users. With its visual characteristics, Instagram seems predestined for nutrition-related self-representation. Media literacy, one way of raising young people's awareness of the risks of media use, encompasses the skills knowledge, evaluation, and action. If media literacy is transferred to the field of health communication, intersections become apparent. Media literacy is understood as a necessary ability to distinguish credible health information from non-credible health information. Both media and health literacy include the skills knowledge, evaluation, and action. Based on 15 qualitative interviews with girls in the age of 13 to 19, results show the relevance of media and health literacy for nutritional behavior. The girls own background information to classify and evaluate received content. They know that content on Instagram is staged and they reflect about negative effects of staged images. However, these images inspire them for their self-representation and nutritional behavior. They adapt what they see into their own eating habits, adopt trends, and thus act against their knowledge of negative consequences to reach the socially expected body image.

Journalists perceive 25% to 80% of their coverage to be influenced by public relations (PR). However, there is hardly any research on what factors determine where on this wide spectrum an individual journalist will fall. This study analyzed the extent and source of the perceived influence of PR on news coverage via a quantitative survey of German journalists. On average, participants perceived over one third of their work to be influenced by PR, and a number of variables were found to be associated with the degree of this impact. Role conceptions as populist mobilizers and newsroom conventions discouraging excessive reliance on PR decreased the influence of PR on news coverage. Secondary employments in the field of PR, having close personal relationships with PR professionals, and considering interests of publishers or advertisers increased the impact of PR on journalistic content.

This thematic issue discusses risks, opportunities, and challenges of digital child- and adulthood based on different theoretical and methodological perspectives. It focuses on three topics: First, the challenges children and adolescents face in developing skills for dealing with promotional content are highlighted. Second, several contributions discuss the actions of parents and instructors and their function as role models for children and adolescents. They outline the tension between the consequences of intensive media use by children and adolescents and a responsible approach to digital media as often demanded by parents and teachers. Finally, the last contribution gives an insight into how the political socialization of adolescents can manifest itself in the digital space. The multi-methodological, multi-perspective, and multi-theoretical contributions of this thematic issue illustrate the intergenerational relevance of digital child- and adulthood.

The extensive research literature on media literacy is reflected by diverse theoretical conceptions, assumptions, and conclusions. Nevertheless, the considerations of numerous scholars in this «patchwork of ideas» (Potter 2010, 676) revolve around the importance of critical thinking and the interplay of different generations in the acquisition of media literacy.Many scholars argue that critical thinking is a key qualification for the reflection of possible risks and a media use oriented towards opportunities. The ability to use media critically is directly linked to democratic-theoretical considerations, where information (Buckingham 2007), knowledge (Potter 2010), and analytical skills (Koltay 2011) are defined as components of media literacy. Information and knowledge are necessary for gaining access to media offerings, to analyze and evaluate them, and to create own media content (e.g., a profile on social networking sites like Instagram; Livingstone and Helsper 2010). Definitions of media literacy are usually based on the ability to access media and on media knowledge as expertise. These skills are considered fundamental for a reflective and (self-)critical use of media (self-competence), and to pass one's own knowledge and abilities to others (social competence). However, previous research (e.g., Livingstone 2014) has also shown that deficits in media literacy lie less in knowledge, but rather in subsequent actions and thus in the transformation of knowledge into action. Knowledge does not automatically lead to a critical use of media or to a change in behavior (Martens 2010; Riesmeyer, Pfaff-Rüdiger and Kümpel 2012; 2016). It is, therefore, not enough to only focus on knowledge, but respective actions must be considered as well when investigating media literacy and its mediation.