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Since 2004, the French national air quality forecasting system, PREV'AIR, has been providing maps of forecasted ozone and particulate matter (PM) concentrations throughout Europe. At the national level,"analysed maps" based on simulations corrected with observations are also available daily. These products have been elaborated using modelling capacities developed within INERIS. Significant efforts have been placed on particulate matter modelling, considering the growing interest of the people in charge of air quality management and monitoring for these tools. Thus, beyond the PREV'AIR applications, research studies are being conducted within INERIS for improving knowledge in the fields of aerosol phenomenology, modelling and monitoring. The evaluation and the improvement of the CHIMERE-aerosol model is a priority. Comparison with available measurements generally shows that models underestimate the measured concentrations. This is a well-known limit of the current modelling systems, highlighted by several European model inter-comparison exercises: City-Delta and Eurodelta. INERIS participated in these projects, which enabled several phenomena to be clarified: uncertainties in emissions (wood burning, traffic), secondary aerosol formation processes, natural sources, cloud chemistry, etc. These topics are likely to be considered as future priorities for model development. Nevertheless the current performance of the CHIMERE model is satisfactory enough to use its results for analysing large scale pollution events involving PM, and especially secondary compounds such as ammonium nitrate. INERIS is also involved in research activities related to the links between air pollution and climate change. Aerosols, depending on their nature, play a special role through three main pathways: 1) Affecting the impact of solar radiation and having a cooling (sulphate, organic carbon) or warming (black carbon) effect on the atmosphere. 2) Impacting the vertical distribution of temperature and cloud formation 3) Changing the ...

Since 2004, the French national air quality forecasting system, PREV'AIR, has been providing maps of forecasted ozone and particulate matter (PM) concentrations throughout Europe. At the national level,"analysed maps" based on simulations corrected with observations are also available daily. These products have been elaborated using modelling capacities developed within INERIS. Significant efforts have been placed on particulate matter modelling, considering the growing interest of the people in charge of air quality management and monitoring for these tools. Thus, beyond the PREV'AIR applications, research studies are being conducted within INERIS for improving knowledge in the fields of aerosol phenomenology, modelling and monitoring. The evaluation and the improvement of the CHIMERE-aerosol model is a priority. Comparison with available measurements generally shows that models underestimate the measured concentrations. This is a well-known limit of the current modelling systems, highlighted by several European model inter-comparison exercises: City-Delta and Eurodelta. INERIS participated in these projects, which enabled several phenomena to be clarified: uncertainties in emissions (wood burning, traffic), secondary aerosol formation processes, natural sources, cloud chemistry, etc. These topics are likely to be considered as future priorities for model development. Nevertheless the current performance of the CHIMERE model is satisfactory enough to use its results for analysing large scale pollution events involving PM, and especially secondary compounds such as ammonium nitrate. INERIS is also involved in research activities related to the links between air pollution and climate change. Aerosols, depending on their nature, play a special role through three main pathways: 1) Affecting the impact of solar radiation and having a cooling (sulphate, organic carbon) or warming (black carbon) effect on the atmosphere. 2) Impacting the vertical distribution of temperature and cloud formation 3) Changing the reflecting properties and lifetime of clouds, inducing a positive or negative effect on climate warming. INERIS has elaborated with the Laboratoire d'Aérologie (CNRS/LA) and with the support of ADEME a new aerosol model that can take the carbonaceous fraction accurately into account. A first step to reach a more accurate representation of links between future climate and air pollution. ; Depuis 2004, le système PREV'AIR, système national de prévision de la qualité de l'air fournit, outre des prévisions des concentrations d'ozone, des prévisions des particules à l'échelle européenne et, depuis 2006, des cartes dites « analysées » de particules de diamètre inférieur à 10 microns - PM10 - (les seules réglementées à l'heure actuelle) à l'échelle de la France. Ces dernières sont établies à partir de résultats de simulations corrigés quotidiennement à l'aide des observations réunies dans une base par l'ADEME. Les particules, par les effets sanitaires qu'elles génèrent, font l'objet d'une attention de plus en plus grande des décideurs et des politiques. En particulier, les particules fines dont le diamètre est inférieur à 2,5 microns (PM2,5) seront certainement réglementées dans la future directive européenne unifiée de qualité de l'air. Cet intérêt croissant ainsi que le manque de connaissances sur bien des aspects de la pollution particulaire expliquent qu'au-delà de la question de la prévision et de la représentation cartographique des concentrations, des travaux de recherche et d'appui aux pouvoirs publics soient toujours activement menés à l'INERIS. Il s'agit de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la phénoménologie liée à la formation et au transport des aérosols, de leur mesure et de leur modélisation. L'objet du présent article est de proposer les résultats des travaux de modélisation menés à l'INERIS sur ce polluant, qui représente un réel enjeu scientifique, par la complexité des processus de formation des aérosols issus de transformations chimiques (dits secondaires), par l'impact sanitaire et environnemental qui le caractérise et par les aspects réglementaires qui le concernent.

Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Même si leurs impacts respectifs se caractérisent généralement par des échelles de temps et d'espaces différentes, qualité de l'air et climat restent intimement liés, autant par les processus géophysiques qui les régissent (phénomènes météorologiques et composition chimique de l'atmosphère) que par les stratégies de gestion et d'atténuation qui les concernent (stratégies d'économie d'énergie ou transition vers de nouvelles sources d'énergie). Ces interactions multiples appellent des approches intégrées afin de s'assurer que les mesures de réduction d'émissions de polluants conçues aujourd'hui demeurent efficaces à l'avenir, dans un contexte climatique différent. De telles approches intégrées doivent aussi permettre d'identifier les mesures de gestion les plus coût-efficaces et qui auraient des effets positifs tant sur la qualité de l'air que sur le réchauffement climatique.

Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Même si leurs impacts respectifs se caractérisent généralement par des échelles de temps et d'espaces différentes, qualité de l'air et climat restent intimement liés, autant par les processus géophysiques qui les régissent (phénomènes météorologiques et composition chimique de l'atmosphère) que par les stratégies de gestion et d'atténuation qui les concernent (stratégies d'économie d'énergie ou transition vers de nouvelles sources d'énergie). Ces interactions multiples appellent des approches intégrées afin de s'assurer que les mesures de réduction d'émissions de polluants conçues aujourd'hui demeurent efficaces à l'avenir, dans un contexte climatique différent. De telles approches intégrées doivent aussi permettre d'identifier les mesures de gestion les plus coût-efficaces et qui auraient des effets positifs tant sur la qualité de l'air que sur le réchauffement climatique.

An integrated modelling chain capable of evaluating air pollution policies with respect to their costs, their impacts on air quality and associated health effects was developed and implemented at Ineris. It allows quantifying and monetising health effects of both complex sets of emission reduction measures (policy scenarios) and individual measures, and also taking into account the air quality impact of climate change. The modelling chain is based on the Impact Pathway Approach which follows a logical progression from emission, through dispersion and exposure to quantification of impacts and their valuation. Three models form the core of the modelling chain: the integrated assessment model GAINS-FR, the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE and the health impact analysis tool ARP-FR. GAINS provides information on emission reductions and costs of air pollution mitigation strategies. CHIMERE allows calculating these strategies' effect on air quality, and ARP-FR serves to assess benefits in the form of avoided health effects. In cost-benefit analyses, the health benefits are put into perspective with information on the costs of emission reduction measures and/or scenarios. The modelling chain has been used in studies providing support to decision makers as well as in research projects ; U ne chaîne de modèles intégrés a été développée et mise en oeuvre à l'Ineris pour évaluer les politiques de lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique en termes de coûts des actions, de leurs effets sur la qualité de l'air et des bénéfices sanitaires associés. Elle permet de quantifier puis de monétariser les effets sanitaires de politiques publiques caractérisées par des jeux de mesures complexes (scénarios) ou des mesures individuelles de réduction des émissions atmosphériques. Elle permet également de tenir compte de l'impact du changement climatique sur la qualité de l'air pour des scénarios de plus long terme. Cette chaîne de calcul a été utilisée dans différents cadres d'applications, tant dans des études d'appui aux pouvoirs publics au niveau national (notamment le Plan national de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques ou PREPA, adopté pour la période 2017-2021, cf. décret et arrêté du 10 mai 2017), que dans des projets de recherche plus prospectifs au niveau national et européen (projets PRIMEQUAL)

An integrated modelling chain capable of evaluating air pollution policies with respect to their costs, their impacts on air quality and associated health effects was developed and implemented at Ineris. It allows quantifying and monetising health effects of both complex sets of emission reduction measures (policy scenarios) and individual measures, and also taking into account the air quality impact of climate change. The modelling chain is based on the Impact Pathway Approach which follows a logical progression from emission, through dispersion and exposure to quantification of impacts and their valuation. Three models form the core of the modelling chain: the integrated assessment model GAINS-FR, the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE and the health impact analysis tool ARP-FR. GAINS provides information on emission reductions and costs of air pollution mitigation strategies. CHIMERE allows calculating these strategies' effect on air quality, and ARP-FR serves to assess benefits in the form of avoided health effects. In cost-benefit analyses, the health benefits are put into perspective with information on the costs of emission reduction measures and/or scenarios. The modelling chain has been used in studies providing support to decision makers as well as in research projects ; U ne chaîne de modèles intégrés a été développée et mise en oeuvre à l'Ineris pour évaluer les politiques de lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique en termes de coûts des actions, de leurs effets sur la qualité de l'air et des bénéfices sanitaires associés. Elle permet de quantifier puis de monétariser les effets sanitaires de politiques publiques caractérisées par des jeux de mesures complexes (scénarios) ou des mesures individuelles de réduction des émissions atmosphériques. Elle permet également de tenir compte de l'impact du changement climatique sur la qualité de l'air pour des scénarios de plus long terme. Cette chaîne de calcul a été utilisée dans différents cadres d'applications, tant dans des études d'appui aux pouvoirs ...

U-chain of integrated models has been developed and implemented at INERIS to assess air pollution control policies in terms of the costs of the actions, their impact on air quality and the associated health benefits. It makes it possible to quantify and then monetise the health effects of public policies characterised by complex sets of measures (scenarios) or individual measures to reduce atmospheric emissions. It also allows the impact of climate change on air quality to be taken into account for longer term scenarios. This calculation chain has been used in various application frameworks, both in studies to support public authorities at national level (in particular the National Plan for Reducing Air Pollutant Emissions or PREPA, adopted for the period 2017-2021, cf. Decree and Decree of 10 May 2017), and in more forward-looking research projects at national and European level (PRIMEQUAL projects). ; An integrated modelling chain capable of evaluating air pollution policies with respect to their costs, their impacts on air quality and associated health effects was developed and implemented at Ineris. It allows quantifying and monetising health effects of both complex sets of emission reduction measures (policy scenarios) and individual measures, and also taking into account the air quality impact of climate change. The modelling chain is based on the Impact Pathway Approach which follows a logical progression from emission, through dispersion and exposure to quantification of impacts and their valuation. Three models form the core of the modelling chain: the integrated assessment model GAINS-FR, the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE and the health impact analysis tool ARP-FR. GAINS provides information on emission reductions and costs of air pollution mitigation strategies. CHIMERE allows calculating these strategies' effect on air quality, and ARP-FR serves to assess benefits in the form of avoided health effects. In cost-benefit analyses, the health benefits are put into perspective with information on the ...

International audience ; Identifying and ranking substances of concern is a complex task, because the meaning of 'substance of concern' differs according to the specific regulation, public policy, ranking exercise, and individual opinion. In terms of public actions, the choice of priority substances is generally supported by rankings of substances constructed by experts. In this article we suggest a process that adds to this ranking others based on views identified among others involved in the decision process, including but not limited to groups of decision makers, stakeholders, and members of civil society. Participatory multicriteria methods may be used for this purpose. These methods structure the participatory approach and make explicit the underlying logic of each ranking generated; they can be adapted to the available data. These methods have been implemented with stakeholders in other ranking exercises, dealing with various environmental issues, but not yet, to our knowledge, for ranking substances of concern. Using this ranking process for choosing priority substances in light of a specific objective, decision-makers can illuminate and nourish their analyses with several different rankings, characterized by their underlying logic, rather than by a single ranking that presupposes a consensus that does not necessarily exist. These different rankings will enable them, to some extent, to understand and take into account the diversity of the viewpoints that can be selected to meet the objective. This process can be adapted to any type of context and objective. An application conducted in 2012, to support the choice of the priority substances of the future French Environmental Health National Action Plan (PNSE3), illustrates each step of the process. ; Identifier et hiérarchiser des substances préoccupantes est une tâche complexe, car la notion même de substance préoccupante revêt un sens différent selon les réglementations, les politiques publiques, les exercices de hiérarchisation existants ou les opinions ...

Identifying and ranking substances of concern is a complex task: the notion of substance of concern has a different meaning depending on regulations, public policies, existing ranking exercises or individual opinions. The choice of priority substances is generally supported by orders of substances constructed on an expert opinion. The process suggests providing, in addition, orders of substances elaborated on the basis of views identified among other people involved in the decision process: groups of decision makers, stakeholders, people from civil society, etc. This process advises using participatory multi-criteria methods. These methods give structure to the participatory approach, they make explicit the underlying logic of each generated order and they can be adapted to the available data. The process can adapt to any type of context and ranking objective. An application conducted in 2012, to support the choice of the priority substances of the future French Environmental Health National Action Plan (PNSE3), illustrate the process. ; Une des priorités du deuxième Plan National Santé-Environnement (PNSE2) est de définir une méthode d'identification et de hiérarchisation des substances toxiques les plus préoccupantes. La notion même de substance préoccupante revêt un sens différent selon les réglementations, les politiques publiques, les exercices de hiérarchisation existants ou les opinions individuelles. Différents critères peuvent être mis en avant, par exemple : le danger, le caractère Persistant Bioaccumulable et Toxique (PBT), la protection de populations sensibles et le risque individuel inacceptable. En termes d'actions publiques, le choix de substances prioritaires s'appuie généralement sur des ordres de substances construits sur la base d'un avis d'experts. Le processus décrit ici propose de fournir, en complément, des ordres de substances basés sur des points de vue identifiés parmi d'autres acteurs de la décision : groupe de décideurs, représentants d'intérêts divers, personnes issues de la ...

International audience ; Identifying and ranking substances of concern is a complex task, because the meaning of 'substance of concern' differs according to the specific regulation, public policy, ranking exercise, and individual opinion. In terms of public actions, the choice of priority substances is generally supported by rankings of substances constructed by experts. In this article we suggest a process that adds to this ranking others based on views identified among others involved in the decision process, including but not limited to groups of decision makers, stakeholders, and members of civil society. Participatory multicriteria methods may be used for this purpose. These methods structure the participatory approach and make explicit the underlying logic of each ranking generated; they can be adapted to the available data. These methods have been implemented with stakeholders in other ranking exercises, dealing with various environmental issues, but not yet, to our knowledge, for ranking substances of concern. Using this ranking process for choosing priority substances in light of a specific objective, decision-makers can illuminate and nourish their analyses with several different rankings, characterized by their underlying logic, rather than by a single ranking that presupposes a consensus that does not necessarily exist. These different rankings will enable them, to some extent, to understand and take into account the diversity of the viewpoints that can be selected to meet the objective. This process can be adapted to any type of context and objective. An application conducted in 2012, to support the choice of the priority substances of the future French Environmental Health National Action Plan (PNSE3), illustrates each step of the process. ; Identifier et hiérarchiser des substances préoccupantes est une tâche complexe, car la notion même de substance préoccupante revêt un sens différent selon les réglementations, les politiques publiques, les exercices de hiérarchisation existants ou les opinions ...

International audience ; Identifying and ranking substances of concern is a complex task, because the meaning of 'substance of concern' differs according to the specific regulation, public policy, ranking exercise, and individual opinion. In terms of public actions, the choice of priority substances is generally supported by rankings of substances constructed by experts. In this article we suggest a process that adds to this ranking others based on views identified among others involved in the decision process, including but not limited to groups of decision makers, stakeholders, and members of civil society. Participatory multicriteria methods may be used for this purpose. These methods structure the participatory approach and make explicit the underlying logic of each ranking generated; they can be adapted to the available data. These methods have been implemented with stakeholders in other ranking exercises, dealing with various environmental issues, but not yet, to our knowledge, for ranking substances of concern. Using this ranking process for choosing priority substances in light of a specific objective, decision-makers can illuminate and nourish their analyses with several different rankings, characterized by their underlying logic, rather than by a single ranking that presupposes a consensus that does not necessarily exist. These different rankings will enable them, to some extent, to understand and take into account the diversity of the viewpoints that can be selected to meet the objective. This process can be adapted to any type of context and objective. An application conducted in 2012, to support the choice of the priority substances of the future French Environmental Health National Action Plan (PNSE3), illustrates each step of the process. ; Identifier et hiérarchiser des substances préoccupantes est une tâche complexe, car la notion même de substance préoccupante revêt un sens différent selon les réglementations, les politiques publiques, les exercices de hiérarchisation existants ou les opinions ...

Identifying and ranking substances of concern is a complex task: the notion of substance of concern has a different meaning depending on regulations, public policies, existing ranking exercises or individual opinions. The choice of priority substances is generally supported by orders of substances constructed on an expert opinion. The process suggests providing, in addition, orders of substances elaborated on the basis of views identified among other people involved in the decision process: groups of decision makers, stakeholders, people from civil society, etc. This process advises using participatory multi-criteria methods. These methods give structure to the participatory approach, they make explicit the underlying logic of each generated order and they can be adapted to the available data. The process can adapt to any type of context and ranking objective. An application conducted in 2012, to support the choice of the priority substances of the future French Environmental Health National Action Plan (PNSE3), illustrate the process. ; Une des priorités du deuxième Plan National Santé-Environnement (PNSE2) est de définir une méthode d'identification et de hiérarchisation des substances toxiques les plus préoccupantes. La notion même de substance préoccupante revêt un sens différent selon les réglementations, les politiques publiques, les exercices de hiérarchisation existants ou les opinions individuelles. Différents critères peuvent être mis en avant, par exemple : le danger, le caractère Persistant Bioaccumulable et Toxique (PBT), la protection de populations sensibles et le risque individuel inacceptable. En termes d'actions publiques, le choix de substances prioritaires s'appuie généralement sur des ordres de substances construits sur la base d'un avis d'experts. Le processus décrit ici propose de fournir, en complément, des ordres de substances basés sur des points de vue identifiés parmi d'autres acteurs de la décision : groupe de décideurs, représentants d'intérêts divers, personnes issues de la société, etc.

International audience ; Identifying and ranking substances of concern is a complex task, because the meaning of 'substance of concern' differs according to the specific regulation, public policy, ranking exercise, and individual opinion. In terms of public actions, the choice of priority substances is generally supported by rankings of substances constructed by experts. In this article we suggest a process that adds to this ranking others based on views identified among others involved in the decision process, including but not limited to groups of decision makers, stakeholders, and members of civil society. Participatory multicriteria methods may be used for this purpose. These methods structure the participatory approach and make explicit the underlying logic of each ranking generated; they can be adapted to the available data. These methods have been implemented with stakeholders in other ranking exercises, dealing with various environmental issues, but not yet, to our knowledge, for ranking substances of concern. Using this ranking process for choosing priority substances in light of a specific objective, decision-makers can illuminate and nourish their analyses with several different rankings, characterized by their underlying logic, rather than by a single ranking that presupposes a consensus that does not necessarily exist. These different rankings will enable them, to some extent, to understand and take into account the diversity of the viewpoints that can be selected to meet the objective. This process can be adapted to any type of context and objective. An application conducted in 2012, to support the choice of the priority substances of the future French Environmental Health National Action Plan (PNSE3), illustrates each step of the process. ; Identifier et hiérarchiser des substances préoccupantes est une tâche complexe, car la notion même de substance préoccupante revêt un sens différent selon les réglementations, les politiques publiques, les exercices de hiérarchisation existants ou les opinions ...

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques ...

National audience ; Climate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels. ; Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition.