Suchergebnisse

El presente trabajo expone la situación de la deuda pública colombiana para el periodo 2000 – 2013, en primer lugar presenta de forma breve los antecedentes, la estructura actual, su clasificación y las principales diferencias de ésta. Seguidamente, se muestran los resultados de los saldos de la deuda pública tanto interna como externa, separadas por Gobierno Nacional y nivel territorial, describiendo su composición y evolución. Luego se especifican algunas de las causas de la mejora de indicadores y qué tanto se debió a cambios en la estructura de la deuda; se realiza un análisis del servicio a la deuda, sus componentes y cómo fue el comportamiento respecto del Producto Interno Bruto. Finalmente, se hace una exposición sobre la sostenibilidad de la deuda. ; This paper describes the situation of the Colombian public debt for the period 2000 - 2013, first briefly presents the history, the current structure, classification and major differences of this. Next, the results of the balances of both internal and external public debt, separated by national government and territorial level are describing its composition and evolution. Then specify some of the causes of improved indicators and how much was due to changes in debt structure, an analysis of debt service, its components and how was the behavior with respect to the Gross Domestic Product. Finally, a presentation on the sustainability of the debt.

La quema de gas natural es considerada contaminación, por lo cual el objetivo de esta investigación es dar a conocer la imputación objetiva como teoría en los delitos de contaminación ambiental. Es importante saber, sobre temas penales, para entender lo que dicta la Constitución de la República del Ecuador en el art. 396 inciso cuarto: "las acciones legales para perseguir y sancionar por daños ambientales serán imprescriptibles", ya que los afectados no cuentan con las pruebas necesarias para establecer los daños causados con la quema del gas natural. Después de analizar toda la investigación realizada, se llega a la conclusión que los afectados al tener las pruebas necesarias pueden intervenir en los procesos y demandas por daños ambientales.

El estilo de vida del hombre se ha caracterizado desde sus comienzos por las diferentes manifestaciones de actividad física en su quehacer diario. Un referente para contextualizar su importancia en el ámbito universitario, para contrastar las variables de conductas nocivas como hábitos de estudios inadecuados, baja capacidad de comprensión en ambientes académicos como factores incidentes en el rendimiento académico por parte de los estudiantes. El objetivo de dicho trabajo describió el efecto de la actividad física como el comportamiento hipocampal asociado al rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios de facultades de cultura física, deporte, recreación, seccional Bucaramanga. Dicho estudio se diseñó con énfasis cuasi experimental, se planteó como un protocolo de intervención de un mes a través de plataformas digitales interactivas n conjunto con un software especializado (MATLAB), mediante el cual un sistema de cómputo numérico dio pie a un entorno de desarrollo integrado con un lenguaje de programación propio, adaptable a otras plataformas como Windows. En tal ocasión, 57 participantes sanos desarrollaron a través de un serial de códigos, diferentes patrones evaluables, la medición de las capacidades del aprendizaje dependiente del hipocampo, en una tarea de búsqueda visual "T", en correlación con el efecto de variables de actividad física regulada con su alta demanda de oxígeno a nivel fisiológico o cerebral.

In this paper is described the current regulations in Colombia concerning to the e-government. It also refers to the different tools used by the glass urn strategy Colombian government. Its scope is also assessed in both citizenship reports published by this strategy, as well as through a survey in all the departments. Finally, some recommendations that can be considered in the development of the activities of the selected channel with the objective to expand the coverage of the channel and can be an effective approach of citizens to government through technological tools are proposed. ; En este artículo se describen se describe la normativa vigente en Colombia referente al gobierno electrónico. Asimismo, se hace referencia las diferentes herramientas utilizadas por la estrategia urna de cristal del gobierno colombiano. Asimismo, se evalúa su alcance en la ciudadanía tanto con los informes publicados por esta estrategia, así como a través de una encuesta realizada en la totalidad de los departamentos del país. Finalmente se proponen unas recomendaciones que pueden ser consideradas en el desarrollo de las actividades del canal seleccionado con el objetivo que se pueda ampliar la cobertura de dicho canal y se pueda tener un efectivo acercamiento de los ciudadanos al gobierno a través de herramientas tecnológicas.

In this paper is described the current regulations in Colombia concerning to the e-government. It also refers to the different tools used by the glass urn strategy Colombian government. Its scope is also assessed in both citizenship reports published by this strategy, as well as through a survey in all the departments. Finally, some recommendations that can be considered in the development of the activities of the selected channel with the objective to expand the coverage of the channel and can be an effective approach of citizens to government through technological tools are proposed. ; En este artículo se describen se describe la normativa vigente en Colombia referente al gobierno electrónico. Asimismo, se hace referencia las diferentes herramientas utilizadas por la estrategia urna de cristal del gobierno colombiano. Asimismo, se evalúa su alcance en la ciudadanía tanto con los informes publicados por esta estrategia, así como a través de una encuesta realizada en la totalidad de los departamentos del país. Finalmente se proponen unas recomendaciones que pueden ser consideradas en el desarrollo de las actividades del canal seleccionado con el objetivo que se pueda ampliar la cobertura de dicho canal y se pueda tener un efectivo acercamiento de los ciudadanos al gobierno a través de herramientas tecnológicas.

El estudio se enfoca en examinar el derecho a la autodeterminación en situaciones terminales de enfermedad, subrayando su conexión con el principio de dignidad humana arraigado en la legislación ecuatoriana. Cuando las personas enfrentan sufrimientos físicos y emocionales insostenibles debido a enfermedades terminales, el suicidio puede ser contemplado como una opción para buscar una muerte con dignidad. Los profesionales médicos a menudo se encuentran con pacientes que no pueden tomar decisiones informadas sobre su atención médica, lo que resalta la importancia de evaluar la competencia de estos pacientes en términos de su capacidad para tomar decisiones relacionadas con su salud, incluyendo la comprensión, la libertad y la voluntariedad.

Objective: Construction is one of the fastest growing and most important economic sectors worldwide, mainly due to its impact on job creation, trade in materials and the creation of essential infrastructure for social development. However, the behavior of the global market has recently been immersed in an environment of economic and political uncertainty, causing trade and industrial production to show signs of vulnerability. Despite the unfortunate ones established in the global economy, there will be moderate growth in rankings of developing countries like Colombia in different sectors. Methodology: Consequently, this research focused on analyzing the construction sector starting from its historical impact on Colombian economic development and its relationship with external phenomena, to the evaluation of macroeconomic indicators, supply and demand for capital goods, infrastructure and job creation through the formulation of projects in this sector, which are differential for having a public investment effect in the construction of houses and civil works. Results and conclusions: Likewise, deduce a weak recovery in the general market in relation to the factors surrounding the construction sector, evaluate and focus trends and the impact on the formulation of construction projects in the Colombian economy. ; Objetivo: La construcción es uno de los sectores económicos de mayor crecimiento e importancia en a nivel mundial, principalmente por su impacto en la generación de empleo, el comercio de materiales y la creación de infraestructura esencial para el desarrollo social. Sin embargo, el comportamiento del mercado global recientemente ha estado inmerso en un ambiente de incertidumbre económica y política, ocasionando que el comercio y producción industrial mostrarán signos de vulnerabilidad. A pesar de los desafortunados pronósticos en materia de economía a nivel global, se prevé un crecimiento moderado en clasificaciones de países en vía de desarrollo como Colombia en diferentes sectores. Metodología: En consecuencia, la presente investigación se enfocó en analizar el sector de la construcción partiendo desde su incidencia histórica en el desarrollo económico colombiano y su relación con fenómenos externos, hasta la evaluación de indicadores macroeconómicos, la oferta y demanda en bienes de capital, la infraestructura y la generación de empleo mediante la formulación de proyectos en este sector, los cuales son diferenciales por tener un efecto de inversión pública en la construcción de vivienda y obras civiles. Resultados y conclusiones: Igualmente, se dedujo una débil recuperación del mercado general en relación con los factores alrededor del sector de la construcción, permitiendo vislumbrar y focalizar las tendencias e impacto en la formulación de proyectos de construcción en la economía colombiana.

The global market was immersed in an environment of economic and political uncertainty, where trade and industrial production showed signs of marked weakness. However, in developing countries like Colombia, with a moderate expected economic growth, attributed to the implementation of strategies aimed at creating jobs, building public infrastructure and services to meet the needs of their rapidly expanding and urbanizing populations. Consequently, this research analyzed the external phenomena that have impacted the Colombian economy on the construction sector's housing supply and demand behavior. All the above, through the analysis of economic indicators, public policies, and stakeholder management around the use of tools, approaches, and methodologies established by different standards in project management and the analysis of a business sample located in the city of Tunja. As mentioned above, it allowed the establishment of susceptibility to external economic phenomena and government policies in the construction sector. Those would enable the increased demand and boost other areas of the economy through stakeholders' effect in the supply and business capacities concerning its management, recognizing the expectations in the formulation and elaboration of projects in the current context. Nevertheless, companies related to the construction sector do not have adequate tools and personnel for this integral development, allowing them to identify factors when evaluating stakeholder management's business capacities, contributing to generating new methodologies and instruments that enable increasing construction projects' success. ; El mercado mundial se encuentra inmerso en un entorno de incertidumbre económica y política, donde el comercio y la producción industrial muestran signos de marcada debilidad. Sin embargo, en países en vías de desarrollo como Colombia, existe una expectativa de crecimiento económico moderado, atribuido a la implementación de estrategias orientadas a la creación de empleo, construcción de infraestructura pública y servicios para satisfacer las necesidades de su población en rápida expansión y urbanización. En consecuencia, esta investigación analiza los fenómenos externos que han impactado la economía colombiana en el comportamiento de la oferta y demanda de vivienda del sector de la construcción. Todo lo anterior, a través del análisis de indicadores económicos, políticas públicas y gestión de actores en torno al uso de herramientas, enfoques y metodologías establecidas por diferentes estándares en la gestión de proyectos junto con el análisis de una muestra empresarial ubicada en la ciudad de Tunja. Como se mencionó anteriormente, permitió establecer la susceptibilidad de los fenómenos económicos externos y las políticas gubernamentales en el sector de la construcción. Estas permitirían aumentar la demanda e impulsar otras áreas de la economía por efecto de los actores de la oferta y las capacidades empresariales en cuanto a su gestión, reconociendo las expectativas en la formulación y elaboración de proyectos en el contexto actual. Sin embargo, las empresas relacionadas con el sector de la construcción no cuentan con las herramientas ni con el personal adecuado para este desarrollo integral, lo que permite identificar los factores a la hora de evaluar las capacidades empresariales en torno a la gestión de los grupos de interés, contribuyendo a generar nuevas metodologías e instrumentos que permitan incrementar el éxito en los proyectos de construcción.

This paper proposes an adaptive system for the dairy ecosystem of the Boyacá Department in Colombia. The ecosystem requires context information manipulation (e.g. device, user role, location, information visualization). Adaptation is needed in order to provide a tailored experience to each user according to her/ his characteristics and those of her/his context. To face these challenges, we focus on the variability of the system and propose a service-based software architecture that supports multiple configurations. To illustrate the proposal, two services are presented, one for each of the two main actors: the rancher and the government. For the rancher, we present the Generate route service that indicates, among several options, where to sell the milk to obtain a better price. For the government, the Consult contagion service, which presents information about the spread of a disease ; Este artículo presenta una propuesta de sistema adaptativo para el ecosistema lácteo del departamento de Boyacá en Colombia. El ecosistema requiere manejo de información contextual (por ejemplo, dispositivo, rol del usuario, ubicación, visualización de información, etc.) para que el sistema se pueda adaptar y brindar una experiencia personalizada a cada usuario, según sus características y las de su contexto. Para el desarrollo del sistema adaptativo, se propone una arquitectura software, basada en servicios, que admite múltiples configuraciones. Para ilustrar la propuesta se presentan dos servicios, uno para cada uno de los dos roles principales: el ganadero y el gobierno. Para el ganadero, se presenta el servicio Generar ruta que indica, entre varias opciones, dónde vender la leche para obtener un mejor precio, y la ruta desde su ubicación hasta el sitio de compra. Para el gobierno se presenta el servicio Consultar contagio que proporciona información sobre la propagación de una enfermeda

Importance The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, −1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories. Conclusions and Relevance Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.

Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories. Conclusions and Relevance: Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.

IMPORTANCE The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce. OBJECTIVE To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged < 5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study. EVIDENCE REVIEW Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14 244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35 620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates. FINDINGS Of the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905 059 deaths; 95% UI, 810304-998 125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38 325 deaths; 95% UI, 30 365-47 678), and road injuries among adolescents (115 186 deaths; 95% UI, 105 185-124 870). Iron deficiency anemia was the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95% UI, 618-621) million in 2013. Large between-country variations exist in mortality from leading causes among children and adolescents. Countries with rapid declines in all-cause mortality between 1990 and 2013 also experienced large declines in most leading causes of death, whereas countries with the slowest declines had stagnant or increasing trends in the leading causes of death. In 2013, Nigeria had a 12% global share of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections and a 38% global share of deaths from malaria. India had 33% of the world's deaths from neonatal encephalopathy. Half of the world's diarrheal deaths among children and adolescents occurred in just 5 countries: India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Understanding the levels and trends of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adolescents is critical to guide investment and inform policies. Monitoring these trends over time is also key to understanding where interventions are having an impact. Proven interventions exist to prevent or treat the leading causes of unnecessary death and disability among children and adolescents. The findings presented here show that these are underused and give guidance to policy makers in countries where more attention is needed.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. FINDINGS: Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4·00% (95% uncertainty interval 3·89-4·12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2·72% [2·61-2·84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5·55% [5·18-5·95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3·71% [3·10-4·34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8·0 trillion (7·8-8·1) in 2016 (comprising 8·6% [8·4-8·7] of the global economy and $10·3 trillion [10·1-10·6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0·4% (0·3-0·4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10·0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9·5 billion, 24·3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6·27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($644·7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15·0 trillion (14·0-16·0) by 2050 (reaching 9·4% [7·6-11·3] of the global economy and $21·3 trillion [19·8-23·1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1·84% (1·68-2·02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0·6% (0·6-0·7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15·7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130·2 (122·9-136·9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125·9 [113·7-138·1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. INTERPRETATION: Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. ; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ; Sí