Suchergebnisse

Die Einschleppung neuer Schadorganismen stellt ein hohes Risiko für den Kulturpflanzenbau dar. Der Import von frischen Weintrauben zum Verzehr (Tafeltrauben) in die Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union unterliegt keinen Regelungen der Pflanzenquarantäne-Richtlinie 2000/29/EC. Zur Einschätzung des Risikos durch diesen Einschleppungsweg wurde eine Frühwarnliste von Schad­organismen die bisher nicht in Europa vorkommen und die mit Tafeltrauben verschleppt werden können erstellt. Dieser Artikel stellt die Methodik zur Erstellung und die wesentlichen Ergebnisse zusammenfassend dar. Weltweit wurden 1040 Organismen identifiziert, die einen Bezug zu Vitis besitzen. 126 Organismen davon können potentiell mit Tafeltrauben in die Europäische Gemeinschaft verschleppt werden. 30 dieser Organismen wurden aufgrund ihres hohen Übertragungsrisikos auf heimische Kulturpflanzen und ihrer hohen ökonomischen Relevanz in ihrem derzeitigen Verbreitungsgebiet in die Frühwarnliste aufgenommen. Die Organismen werden kurz vorgestellt und mögliche Maßnahmen zur Risikominimierung werden diskutiert. ; The introduction of new plant pests represents a high risk for plant cultivation. The import of grapes for fresh consumption (table grapes) into the member states of the European Union is not regulated in the plant health council directive 2000/29/EC. To evaluate the risk of this pathway, an alert list of plant pests which are to date absent from Europe and are associated with the pathway table grapes was prepared. The methods to prepare the alert list and the condensed version of the results are presented in this article. 1040 Vitis associated organisms worldwide were identified in this study. 126 of these species could be transferred via this pathway into the EU. The Alert List contains the 30 species with a high risk of transfer and establishment and a high economic impact in their actual distribution area. The characteristics of the pests were outlined and potential measures for risk mitigation presented.

The introduction of several plant pests into Europe in the 19th century with disastrous consequences called for the development of plant quarantine measures to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products. With the purpose of harmonising these measures, and of promoting measures for pest control, the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) was developed to address organisms that are both directly and indirectly injurious to plants. It supplies a framework for measures against invasive alien species according to the Convention on Biological Diversity, as far as they are plant pests. Three examples of invasive alien species within the scope of the IPPC are given in the article: the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum, the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus. In its 1997 revision, the IPPC provides for the establishment of International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, being acknowledged by the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of theWorld Trade Organisation. Standards most important for invasive alien species are those on pest risk analysis, on requirements for the establishment of pest-free areas, on surveillance, on pest eradication programmes, and on the import and release of exotic biological agents. Phytosanitary regulations in the European Union (EU) have been harmonised and up to now have regulated about 300 plant pests. The requirements also have a protective horizontal effect against the unintentional introduction of many other species, but the existing broader IPPC mandate for alien plant pests is not fully applied by the EU regulations.

Über den internationalen Handel können Schadorganismen an Pflanzen in ein neues Gebiet eingeschleppt werden. Bei geeigneten Lebensbedingungen können sie sich in neuen Gebieten etablieren und zu beträchtlichen Schäden an Pflanzen führen. Eingeschleppte Schadorganismen sind zuvor oft nicht als Unionsquarantäneschädlinge gelistet, stellen aber häufig ein hohes phytosanitäres Risiko dar, was allerdings bei ihrer Detektion nicht unmittelbar bekannt ist Das Julius Kühn-Institut führt Risikoanalysen durch, um festzustellen, ob bedeutende Schäden entstehen können und phytosanitäre Maßnahmen erforderlich sind. Meldeverpflichtungen und ein EU-weites Frühwarnsystem sind zentrale Bestandteile des Pflanzengesundheitssystems der EU, sodass alle Mitgliedstaaten im Falle eines Befalls schnell reagieren können. Der Beitrag gibt eine exemplarische Übersicht über einige in jüngster Zeit an Gehölzen neu aufgetretene Schadorganismen. ; Through international trade, harmful organisms of plants can be introduced into a new area. If they find suitable living conditions they can establish themselves in new areas and cause considerable damage to plants. Often, introduced pests are not listed as European Union quarantine pests beforehand but often pose a high phytosanitary risk, which is however not immediately known after first detection. The Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI) carries out risk analyses to determine whether significant damage can occur and if phytosanitary measures are necessary. The obligation of notification and an EU-wide early warning system are central parts of the EU plant health system so that all Member States can act promptly in case of an infestation. Some newly occurring pests and diseases on woody plants are presented as an example.

International audience ; Pest risk analyses (PRAs) are conducted to determine whether an organism is a pest and whether and how it should be regulated. Estimation of the potential area of establishment and pest spread are key factors of this analysis. Tools for modelling and mapping of these key factors have to be quick and easily applicable for a wide variety of organisms with limited data for parameterization. For this purpose, a dispersal kernel model based on a 2Dt-distribution had been developed in a European Union project (PRATIQUE). The aim of the present study was the evaluation of this spread model hitherto tested on insects, plants, fungi and nematodes in order to determine its applicability to bacterial pests. Therefore, the potential distribution and spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Europe was investigated based on climatic suitability and host plant availability. The results of the modelling were compared with the spread history of the pest in Europe. It is shown that this generic spread model can also be applied to a bacterial pest. ; Des analyses de risque phytosanitaires sont conduites afin de déterminer si un organisme est nuisible, s'il doit être réglementé, et comment il doit l'être. La prédiction de sa zone d'établissement potentiel ainsi que l'évaluation de sa dissémination sont des facteurs clefs de cette analyse. Les outils de modélisation et de cartographie de ces facteurs clefs doivent être rapides et faciles à utiliser sur une grande diversité d'organismes, et ce en utilisant un nombre limité de données de paramétrage. A cet effet, une fonction de dispersion avait été développée au sein d'un projet européen (PRATIQUE) sur la base d'une distribution de Student à deux degrés de liberté (2Dt). L'objectif de la présente étude est l'évaluation de ce modèle de dissémination, jusqu'à présent testé sur insectes, plantes, champignons et nématodes, pour déterminer s'il est également applicable aux bactéries. Pour cela, la distribution et la dissémination ...

Pest risk analyses (PRAs) are conducted to determine whether an organism is a pest and whether and how it should be regulated. Estimation of the potential area of establishment and pest spread are key factors of this analysis. Tools for modelling and mapping of these key factors have to be quick and easily applicable for a wide variety of organisms with limited data for parameterization. For this purpose, a dispersal kernel model based on a 2Dt‐distribution had been developed in a European Union project (PRATIQUE). The aim of the present study was the evaluation of this spread model hitherto tested on insects, plants, fungi and nematodes in order to determine its applicability to bacterial pests. Therefore, the potential distribution and spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Europe was investigated based on climatic suitability and host plant availability. The results of the modelling were compared with the spread history of the pest in Europe. It is shown that this generic spread model can also be applied to a bacterial pest.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), by request of the European Commission, develops pest survey cards for pests of relevance for the European Union (EU) member states, summarizing key biological, epidemiological and diagnostic information relevant for the detection and identification of these pests by inspectors and laboratory technicians in the EU member states. For three pilot pests, including emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), detailed guidelines are being prepared for the survey planners in the EU member states. Interaction with experts on the relevant organisms and the member states is needed before and after implementation of the surveys to ensure they are fit for purpose and can be harmonized across the EU. An important feature of the survey cards is the identification of risk factors, to focus the surveys on the most likely areas to find the pest if it is present and thus being able to apply a risk-based surveillance. Since 2014, ash wood and bark (from countries where A. planipennis is known to occur) are subjected to specific requirements laid down in Council Directive 2000/29/EC, the beetle is unlikely to enter the EU via this pathway. However, it cannot fully be excluded that introductions have happened before these requirements came into force, without being detected until now. In addition, the beetle could already be present in new third countries without being noticed yet and thus not regulated. Furthermore, firewood from countries adjacent to Russia (Belarus, Ukraine) is not restricted. The beetle could also hitch-hike to the EU by various means of transport, in particular via highways and railroads. Given the above, surveys should focus on these areas.

Global trade of plants and plant products facilitates the international movement of pests. The introduction of new pests in an area may have huge economic consequences for local plant production, and should be avoided. The European Union (EU) imports large quantities of fresh fruit from all over the world, which could be a pathway for exotic pests. This review aimed to identify pests not yet present or regulated in the EU that may enter the territory with the fruit trade and damage fruit production in Europe. Pests of Vaccinium (blueberry), apple, grape, orange and mandarin were screened to assess the likelihood of their being associated with these fruit, their impact, their geographical distribution, whether they are intercepted in trade and whether they are spreading or emerging. They were further ranked to produce alert lists of 30 to 36 pests for each fruit species. These lists are presented as well as other findings on contaminants and newly introduced pests. Datasheets on those pests were prepared and are available as supporting information to this article as well as in the EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/). This work within the EU project DROPSA aimed to raise the awareness of importers and regulatory authorities to the potential risk of introducing pests with the fruit trade.