Suchergebnisse

This paper studies the typical European system for public funding of parties, where parties receive public funds depending on their vote share. These funds finance electoral campaigns. It is shown that such a funding system increases policy convergence. The effect is larger, the more funding depends on vote shares. If the parties have access to other means of campaign finance given in a lump-sum way, the effect is moderated. ; Ortuno-Ortin gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Education through grant CICYT PB-970131 ; Publicado

We develop a dynamic political model of dividing a fixed amount of money among n districts. There are two political parties that make proposal on such divisions and compete in each district. Each district elects a representative to a legislature. Each party is governed by its representatives who are elected to the legislature. Voters are myopic and there is a slight incumbency advantage. We show that if all districts are of the same size then they all get the same share in the long run.

This paper concerns public funding of parties. Parties receive public funds depending on their vote share. Funds …nance electoral campaigns. Two cases are investigated. In the …rst some voters are policy motivated and some are "impressionable" - their vote depends directly on campaign expenditures. In the second campaigning is informative and all voters are policy motivated. Public funds increase policy convergence in both cases. The e¤ect is larger, the more funding depends on vote shares. When campaigns are informative, there may be multiple equilibria. Intuitively, a large party can stay large since it receives large funds.

VOTER PARTICIPATION IS IMMENSE BUT THEORETICALLY DOUBTFUL BECAUSE THERE EXISTS COST OF VOTING AND THE PROBABILITY OF CASTING THE DECIDING BALLOT IS LOW. GAME THEORETIC MODELS (PALFREY AND ROSENTHAL, 1985) CONFIRM THIS PARADOX OF VOTING. INDIVIDUAL OPTIMIZATION IN THE VOTING GAME IS PROBLEMATIC WITH RESPECT TO THE RATIONALITY AND INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS OF TRADITIONAL GAME THEORY. THEREFORE IN THIS PAPER A NON-OPTIMIZING BUT LEARNING INDIVIDUAL IS CONSIDERED. BY INDIVIDUAL LEARNING THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES AND EQUILIBRIA OF VOTER TURNOUT ARE DETERMINED. VOTERS ARE ABLE TO LEARN TO PARTICIPATE AND SUBSTANTIAL VOTER TURNOUT IS POSSIBLE.

Angesichts steigender Energiekosten sowie eines zunehmenden Bewusstseins für nachhaltige Produktion ist es heute erforderlich, Zielvorgaben für den Energieverbrauch in der Produktionsplanung und -steuerung zu verankern sowie umzusetzen. Aus diesem Grund präsentiert dieser Artikel ein Verfahren für eine energieorientierte Produktionssteuerung, die auf der Basis von Energieflexibilität und Lastmanagement den Energiebedarf der Produktion mit einem begrenzten Energieangebot synchronisiert.
 
Due to rising energy costs and a growing awareness for sustainable production, it is now necessary for companies to establish targets for energy consumption in production planning and control. Therefore, this article illustrates a method for energy-oriented production control on the basis of flexibility and load management which synchronizes the energy demand in manufacturing with a limited energy supply.

The success of service innovations is intertwined with firms' capabilities to coordinate, orchestrate, and collaborate with a set of external actors. Adopting an ecosystem and dynamic capability perspective, this article examines ecosystem-related capabilities for developing service innovation in product-centric firms. The research uses a mixed-methods approach focusing on the energy utility sector: (1) a survey with 133 managers from 28 firms that allows a comparison of ecosystem-related capabilities between firms with high and low service-innovation intensity; and (2) a complementary interview study with 8 of these firms that have high service-innovation intensity, allowing a detailed understanding of the relevant ecosystem-related capabilities to be developed. From the data we derive a set of 12 ecosystem-related capabilities for service innovation related to the sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring of external resources. The results indicate that firms with high service-innovation intensity possess significantly stronger ecosystem-related capabilities than firms with lower service-innovation intensity. Those firms also seem to sense and seize external opportunities and resources to a greater extent in order to reconfigure their service-related ecosystems. The findings also show that successful service innovators consider not only value-adding partnerships, such as suppliers and customers, to be relevant for service innovation, but also relationships with non-direct value-adding ecosystem stakeholders (e.g., local governments, communities, legislators).

Mit der Umstrukturierung des Stromnetzes im Zuge der Energiewende sind die Strompreise für Industriekunden zuletzt deutlich gestiegen. Gleichzeitig ist eine Kostendegression für Kleinkraftwerke sowie Stromspeicher zu beobachten, die zu einer wachsenden Attraktivität von Stromeigenversorgungen führt. Der Fachbeitrag beleuchtet das Umdenken, das dabei für Produktionsstandorte bei der Energieversorgung und der informationstechnischen Vernetzung aller Erzeuger und Verbraucher erforderlich ist.
 
Due to the steady increase of renewable and volatile energy sources, industrial customers are faced with rising prices for electricity. At the same time, falling costs for energy storage systems and small power stations, especially photovoltaic, make customer generation and internal consumption more attractive. This paper highlights the changes thus necessary for manufacturing companies with regard to the energy supply and the integration of generators and consumers.

Unternehmen, die ihren Energiebedarf gezielt am Energieangebot beziehungsweise den aktuellen Strompreisen ausrichten, können schon heute Energiekosten sparen und zur Stabilisierung der Stromnetze beitragen. Der Fachartikel zeigt auf, welche Datengrundlage ein produzierendes Unternehmen für einen flexiblen Energieeinsatz schaffen muss. Ausgehend von Anforderungen der energieorientierten Produktionsplanung und -steuerung wird dargestellt, wie die Datenerhebung, -auswertung und -nutzung gestaltet werden.
 
Companies which specifically align their energy demand with energy supply or current prices, can already save energy costs and contribute to the stabilization of the power grid. This article points out which data foundation a manufacturing company needs to create for a flexible use of energy. Based on requirements of energy-oriented production planning and control it is shown how the collection, analysis and use of this data can be organized.

Digitale Assistenzsysteme in der Produktion helfen, zunehmend komplex werdende Arbeitsaufgaben zu beherrschen. Dafür entstehen im Zuge der Digitalisierung der Produktion forschungsseitig zahlreiche neue Möglichkeiten individueller Werkerunterstützung. Das hier vorgestellte entwickelte Modell gestattet eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Fähigkeiten und Technologien von Komponenten eines Assistenzsystems. Durch einen Abgleich von spezifischen Anforderungen eines Anwendungsfalls mit den Fähigkeiten des Assistenzsystems soll die Auswahl eines geeigneten Assistenzsystems ermöglicht werden.
 
Digital assistance systems help to master tasks with growing complexity in production. Currently, a lot of research aims at developing new technologies for individual worker support. This paper presents a model for a detailed description of capabilities and technologies used for components in assistance systems. By matching a given task's requirements with the capabilities of an assistance system, the selection of the best fitting assistance system can be achieved.

Junctional complexes between endothelial cells form a dynamic barrier that hinders passive diffusion of blood constituents into interstitial tissues. Remodelling of junctions is an essential process during leukocyte trafficking, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis. However, for many junctional proteins, the mechanisms of junctional remodelling have yet to be determined. Here, we used receptor mutagenesis, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX-2) proximity labelling, alongside light and electron microscopy (EM), to map the intracellular trafficking routes of junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C). We found that JAM-C cotraffics with receptors associated with changes in permeability such as vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cadherin) and neuropilin (NRP)-1 and 2, but not with junctional proteins associated with the transmigration of leukocytes. Dynamic JAM-C trafficking and degradation are necessary for junctional remodelling during cell migration and angiogenesis. By identifying new potential trafficking machinery, we show that a key point of regulation is the ubiquitylation of JAM-C by the E3 ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL), which controls the rate of trafficking versus lysosomal degradation. ; TDN, CS, and KBK were funded by an MRC project grant MR/M019179/1. KBK also received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement n° 608765. AB and TPM were funded by QMUL. SN was funded by a Wellcome Trust investigator award 098291/Z/12/Z. MA was funded by Canceropôle PACA (Valo-Paca 2016) and French National Institute of Cancer (Inca, PRT-K16, #2017-24). PC and VR were funded by BBSRC (BB/M006174/1) and the Barts and The London Charity (297/2249). IJW was funded by an MRC LMCB core grant award MC_U12266B.